Importance of a Budget to a School

A budget can be defined as an itemized listing of the amount of all estimated revenue or income which the school anticipates receiving, along with a listing of the amount of all estimated costs and expenses that will be incurred during a given period of time (Wango Geoffrey, 2009:211). A school budget can be defined as a document or statement outlining a school’s revenue (income) projections against expenditure. A school budget can also be defined as a financial plan of funds that a school expects to receive and the expenditure it will take to achieve its educational objectives.The head teacher is charged with the prime duty of preparing a school budget. The budget is drawn based on the Board of Governors (BOG), School Management Committee (SMC) and Parents Teachers Association (PTA) resolutions on the school development and operations. A well-prepared budget should consist of three key components namely: revenue plan, expenditure framework and educational strategy which is a long term plan. A budget is important to an educational institution in the following ways: First, Budgeting ensures that actions are carried out according to a budget plan.Through the use a budget as a standard, the school ensures that programmes are implemented according to set plans and objectives. The actual performance is measured against budgeted performance. Secondly, a budget facilitates proper administration of financial revenues and other school resources. A budget is the basis for accounting for funds spent to achieve educational objectives. The budget also inspires confidence in the parents, education officials and the school community about the school’s leadership and general management.Fourthly, budgeting facilitates a systematic plan for evaluating the quality and quantity of services needed in a school. Next, a budget helps in the attainment of purposes. The budget states clearly the purposes for which the school was founded. Sixth, a budget confers authority t o head teachers to source for funds and expend it on approved expenditures. Finally, it enables teachers to obtain fairly accurate estimates of receipts and expenditures. These estimates help in balancing the budget and thus prevent budgetary deficits. Importance of a Budget to a School A budget can be defined as an itemized listing of the amount of all estimated revenue or income which the school anticipates receiving, along with a listing of the amount of all estimated costs and expenses that will be incurred during a given period of time (Wango Geoffrey, 2009:211). A school budget can be defined as a document or statement outlining a school’s revenue (income) projections against expenditure. A school budget can also be defined as a financial plan of funds that a school expects to receive and the expenditure it will take to achieve its educational objectives.The head teacher is charged with the prime duty of preparing a school budget. The budget is drawn based on the Board of Governors (BOG), School Management Committee (SMC) and Parents Teachers Association (PTA) resolutions on the school development and operations. A well-prepared budget should consist of three key components namely: revenue plan, expenditure framework and educational strategy which is a long term plan. A budget is important to an educational institution in the following ways: First, Budgeting ensures that actions are carried out according to a budget plan.Through the use a budget as a standard, the school ensures that programmes are implemented according to set plans and objectives. The actual performance is measured against budgeted performance. Secondly, a budget facilitates proper administration of financial revenues and other school resources. A budget is the basis for accounting for funds spent to achieve educational objectives. The budget also inspires confidence in the parents, education officials and the school community about the school’s leadership and general management.Fourthly, budgeting facilitates a systematic plan for evaluating the quality and quantity of services needed in a school. Next, a budget helps in the attainment of purposes. The budget states clearly the purposes for which the school was founded. Sixth, a budget confers authority t o head teachers to source for funds and expend it on approved expenditures. Finally, it enables teachers to obtain fairly accurate estimates of receipts and expenditures. These estimates help in balancing the budget and thus prevent budgetary deficits.

Loyalty and Betrayal in a Political Context

Two recent Chinese films, Chen Kaige’s Farewell My Concubine (1993) and Zhang Yimon’s   Hero (2002), have gained worldwide attention, garnering numerous awards in the process. Although set in very different periods of Chinese history, both films deal with the themes of loyalty and betrayal played out against a vigorously political backdrop. This political philosophy even weaves through out the stories, marking a radical change from previous socialist-realistic Chinese films which mainly had an operatic focus. In the past, Chinese films were heavily censored and did not appeal to a wide audience. What occurred within the Chinese culture to allow for films which gained international acclaim and dealt freely with controversial concepts, such as   the political atmosphere of China? Both Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimon are Chinese fifth generation directors. This genre evolved after Mao’s death in 1976, causing film to have   the widest international impact of all the Chinese arts reborn since then. Distinguished by a quantum leap from the political and cultural heritage of Mao, and achieving an â€Å"aesthetic breakthrough† with radically politicized ideological implications, this movement nevertheless was formed in a crucible (Zhang, 203). The 1984 release of Kaige’s film Yellow Earth revealed the emergence of a major new movement in world cinema, the fifth generation, which gained its name from critics and scholars based upon a retrospective examination of Chinese film history. It   is one of the cinema’s most important â€Å"new waves,† along with German expressionism, the French new wave, and Italian neo realism. The canon is comprised of the works of a group of young film artists with similar aesthetic and ideological motivations. The fifth generation emerged from the first graduating class of the Beijing Film Academy; students who had encountered tumultuous changes within their own lives, not being allowed to finish their high school educations, ( which didn’t resume until 1977), but being sent instead to the countryside as â€Å"intellectual youth,† becoming soldiers or laborers.   Although Kaige’s father was a well known Beijing film director, Yimou’s father had been an officer in Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalist KMT army and Yimou was shut out of most educational, financial and social opportunities available to many of his future classmates at the Film Academy. However, the arrival of the Cultural Revolution functioned as a great equalizer, as   most members of the fifth generation forfeited education, saw their parents publicly criticized, and their lives swept up in turmoil. Yimou took up photography during this time, while Kaige tried to join the communist party.(Ij, 1). According to Paul Clark in his book Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film, the cultural revolution forever changed the members of the fifth generation. They emerged from it challenged by their experiences, endowing their films with a more critical attitude toward the cultural revolution and a more humane and realistic take on the lives of their fellow Chinese. While at the Beijing Film Academy the students had a shortage of textbooks from which to work. The professors instead exposed them to foreign films. Thus the students became filmmakers by watching and analyzing these foreign works. After graduation the students were assigned to various urban and rural studios across China, creating works that tried to reconstruct a national cinema after ten years of neglect and oppression. Rejecting rigid formalism, the filmmakers   created more realistic lighting, and used better actors and editors. They also created more ambiguous, less didactic stories. With the catastrophe at Tianamen Square in 1989,   and the ensuing crackdown on the fifth generation in the 1990s by authorities who weren’t comfortable with   many of the politics contained within the films, the restricted filmmakers began looking for international financing. The resulting films brought more international attention to Chinese cinema than ever before (Clark, 205). The filmmakers’ goals were to present themselves as artists with an aesthetic sensibility and to comment on the totality of their culture and history at a metaphorical or allegorical level. By assuming the margins vis a vis the mainstream, the Chinese new wave cinema offers itself as a substitute for and a supplement to, the emerging nationalist cinema. With spectacular visual effects, idiosyncratic and forceful storytelling, the films are a cultural reconstitution of Chinese modernity (Zhang, 276). Although originally banned in China, which allowed only one public showing because the film showed communism in a bad light, Farewell My Concubine is considered to be one of the fifth generation’s seminal works in focusing attention   from international audiences toward Chinese films.   Farewell My Concubine resembles several other fifth generation films in that it is a tale of human lives set against the context of China’s turbulent political upheaval during the mid twentieth century. Because it recalls the collective trauma of the cultural revolution, Farewell My Concubine and its engagement in the national memory has frequently been interpreted as an epic national narrative. Yet it also functions as a cataclysmic tale of loyalty and betrayal, an intimate story surrounding two Peking Opera performers, Xiaolou and Dieyi,   who bond as the young boys then named Shitou and Douzi. They   are severely abused by their training master and experience many hardships. But their friendship gets them through their difficulties.   This bond produces intense and lifelong loyalty between the two boys. They continue to be inseparable, until a prostitute named Juxian comes between them   when she marries Xiaolou. Later, the Japanese invasion and cultural revolution intervene in their relationship, provoking various declarations of betrayal. The story begins in 1934 and spans 53 years until 1977. The two men’s lives are viewed against a backdrop of a country in upheaval as the movies journeys through various times in China’s history. Each section, which is integral to the plot,   shows a different era in the lives of the characters and the historical background from the Warlords through the cultural revolution, including the Japanese invasion of 1937 and the communist takeover (â€Å"Farewell My Concubine,† 1). As the movie begins, a young Dieyi is abandoned at the opera troupe by his own mother after she cruelly cuts off his extra finger. Even though his mother, a whore, deserts him because he is a burden, he quickly gains a loving replacement in the form of Xiaolou. During the early lives of Dieyi and the other young actor, Xiaolou, the fierce friendship forms as they train and   are punished, always looking out for each other. From the first Xiaolou watches out for his little friend. He finds him a place to sleep and rebukes all the teasers. Later, Dieyi runs away, promising his three coins to Xiaolou.   Dieyi tells the master after he returns that Xiaolou was not responsible, just to punish him, even though Xiaolou is punished anyway. At another point, when Dieyi can’t remember his lines to say that â€Å" I am a girl,† and shuts down,   Xiaolou punishes him by forcing a stick in his mouth so that Dieyi will stay around and remain in the troupe. Yet this act of pain is also an act of love and Xiaolou cries throughout as he administers this rebuke. Thirteen years go by and their hardships pay off as the boys grow up to become major stage stars; their loyalty continues even as they are famous performers in Peking. Their bond becomes even stronger as they become more acclaimed. Although they are as close as two men can be, Dieyi yearns for even more. Even though the subject of homosexuality is only once overtly referred to in Farewell My Concubine, its presence is never far from the surface.   Xiaolou rejects that sort of connection from Dieyi, yet   nothing still comes between them; or so it seems. After Xiaolou saves a prostitute with a fake declaration of engagement, she comes to him and forces him to make good on the public acknowledgement. They marry, and while Xiaolou makes his stage brother Dieyi, his best man, Dieyi feels betrayed and acts pettishly, refusing even to come to the party until the last minute, then leaving abruptly. With Juxian in the picture, Dietyi has a moral dilemma which becomes confusing to him. From the beginning his sense of identity has been muddled, with the master’s continual insistence that he say â€Å" I am a girl,† in his role as a female within the opera. Yet role acting and reality have become blurred for him. As a child his mother was a prostitute, he was raped by an old man, his friend was stolen from him by a woman, then he goes to Master Yeun in a sexual   relationship (â€Å" Farewell My Concubine,†1). Later, in Dieyi’s trial for fraternizing with the Japanese (said fraternizing occurring only because he is trying to save Xiaolou and is promised by Juxian that she will leave her husband and return to the brothel if he helps, but she reneges), all Dieyi’s friends try to cover for him, even lying that he had been taking away in handcuffs. Dieyi rebukes them publicly, saying that he sang of his own free will,   causing the others to lose face by his betrayal to their loyalty. As mentioned previously, Farewell My Concubine has been considered to be an epic national epic, but contrary to this popular perception, Kaige focuses on the intimate architectural spaces of his native city Beijing and recalls its past; the pain of betrayal is vividly depicted in the film as the two stage brothers are publicly forced to renounce each other with irreversible consequences. Those unfamiliar with the history of Chinese communism are in for a shocking crash course as the devastating scenes unfold (â€Å"Chinese Film, 1). During the cultural revolution, both men, betrayed by a boy Dieyi saved from death, are forced to parade as spectacles in full operatic regalia. Yet they resemble pathetic clowns with mismatched makeup and signs around their necks.   Xiaolou and Dieyi are made to kneel with countless others to confess their sins against the people. Touchingly, but to no avail, Dieyi attempts his usual trick of swooping Xiaolou’s makeup up in order to make it look better. However,   garish makeup seems to be the least of their worries. Forced to talk against each other, Xiaolou starts out in euphemistic terms, declaring Dieyi to be one who sang for all, both small and great; a man who is a consummate artist of the people and for the people. Yet this is turned against him and he must betray Dieyi with more vehement declarations.  Ã‚   Even though Dieyi sang for the Japanese in order to free him, Xiaolou declares him a traitor and also tells the masses of his illicit homosexual relationship with Master Yeun. After Dieyi calls Juxian a prostitute in retaliation, Xiaolou also renounces his wife, saying he never loved her. Her pain knows no bounds and as a result of his betrayal, she hangs herself. So much sorrow and damage occurs during these public denunciations which happen to also mirror the filmmaker’s own life.   Kaige remains haunted that he was forced to publicly denounce   his father during his   youth in the cultural revolution (â€Å"Chinese Film,† 1). The film ends as years later, when the revolution has ended,   the stage brothers are once again together in an opera.   During the performance Xiaolou announces he is too old. Whether intentional or not, Dieyi forgets the lines that say he is a girl; and Xiaolou prompts him. Dieyi continues with the play, only to stab himself and die. The friends are still together: in life and in death. Although different in style from Farewell My Concubine, Hero is a film that   has caused   unprecedented fervor, judging from the response of much of the population   of China. So far, it is the most popular   Chinese film ever released in the country, making phenomenal money there, only slightly less than Titanic. Despite being regarded by some Chinese as pandering to western tastes, the film also made enough money in the United States alone to cover production costs, providing a portal for many western viewers to begin watching other Chinese films previously unknown in the west. Like other films of the fifth generation genre, this movie demonstrates a rejection of  the socialist- realist tradition worked by the earlier communist Chinese filmmakers. With   the ever popular Jet Li as the star, the film is loosely based during the time of the warring  states, a period before the unification of China. This story has also been told in other  versions, notably Kaige’s The Emperor and the Asssassin (1998) and Zhou Xiaowen’s The Emperor’s Shadow (1996). Yet Yimon chose to develop his own historical story  based on the turbulent days leading up to the founding of the Qin dynasty when seven  kingdoms struggled for supremacy. This setting contrasts with the mystical â€Å"martial worlds† of   similar films which exist somewhere away from reality. (Qin in Wade Gilles  parlance is the same as Ch’in from which the English word for China probably derived). (Chinese Film, 2). With Hero Yimon is working out of the tradition of the wuxia pian: a swordplay or martial arts film. Not   to be confused with a kung fu movie, this concepts involves a more idealized realm of legendary heroes living marginalized, carefree lives on the edges of everyday society. Their weapons of choice are swords, spears, and daggers. In the typical wuxian film, some incident draws the swordsman into the everyday world, in order to fight, albeit reluctantly. However, he retains a firm moral compass to defend the helpless against corrupt officials or leaders. The genre has been a regular part of Chinese cinema since the 20s (â€Å"Hero,† 1). Yet the genre has been reconfigured by Yimon, who addresses the present by looking backwards and sideways; backwards to the 90s postmodern wuxia   persona and sideways to Hong Kong commercial cinema. Absorbing the subversive innovations of Hong Kong film directors Tsui Hark and Wong Kar Wai, Yimon also digs back to his roots, and recreates as wuxia pian, the cinema of pure spectacle and philosophical meditation that he as a cinematographer and Chen Kaige created in 1984 with Yellow Earth. Using spectacle rather than storytelling is one way to open up the complex world of Hero to the violent opposing critical reactions (Chinese Cinema, 2). Also, he no longer uses revenge as the sole element comprising the story. With Hero Yimon attempts to move martial arts beyond the concept of revenge, even as he explores what it means to be a martial hero (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). As the tale progresses, this film also incorporates themes of loyalty and betrayal, using a series of Rashomon flashbacks. Like the layers of an onion unfolding, each unraveled   tale produces additional insights. These accounts shape the story of how one man defeats three assassins who sought to murder the most powerful warlord   in reunified China ( IMDB,1) As the story begins, Jet Li, who is called Nameless, starts to recount his martial victories to the emperor of Qin, telling how he defeated each of the three assassins, all members of a neighboring kingdom, who are sworn to kill the king to avenge their subjugation. Thus the main protagonist is seen defending the cause traditionally attributed to the villain by protecting the thing that causes others to seek revenge. Yet subsequent flashbacks revisit and reinterpret the same events, elaborating on and changing the story as it continues. However, it is only after the initial setup that the king responds with his own version of events. As a new story unfolds, it is literally painted in a different color. Even as this account unfolds, there appears a third which happens to be the final version of the truth (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). Through each successive narrative, the viewer sees friendship and loyalty among the assassins, who then appear pained when it seems that they are betrayed. Each story has the characters questioning themselves and others regarding motives, wondering who is their true friend and true love, then going to extreme lengths to prove that love and undying loyalty. With each version motives are questioned as to whom is the true person and whom is the betrayer. Things are never what they seem. Sky allows himself to be killed because he is loyal to a higher cause, while Nameless appears to be loyal to the king when actually he wants to kill him because he destroyed his family and kingdom. Sky, Broken Sword, Flying Snow and Nameless appear to have differing relationships in each of the three versions. In one version Snow is furious that Broken Sword had a chance to kill the king, then refused; that he appeared to have betrayed their group. He tells Nameless why. His calligraphy   showed â€Å"our land.† Nameless later gives this calligraphy to the king. It is a Chinese proverb which states,† to suffer yourself when all under heaven suffer, to enjoy only when all under heaven enjoy.†Ã‚   This is concept greater than individual loyalty. Transcending personal vendettas, it calls for the greater good of the masses. Nameless ought to consider what is right for the majority, and not just what is right for himself. As a chivalrous hero of great skill in the wuxia tradition, Nameless is duty bound to do whatever is most righteous, no matter the personal cost to himself (â€Å"Hero†, 4). When Nameless gets the chance to kill the king and comes within ten paces of him to do so, telling him of his personal grudge, he too recalls â€Å"our land.† and allows himself to be executed for a greater good, becoming loyal to a country rather than just his immediate surroundings. Dying a criminal he is buried as a hero. In the meantime, there is always a relationship between Broken Sword and Flying Snow, one so powerful that it defies betrayal by other relationships. By the end, although Snow is confused whether Broken Sword really loves her, whether he is truly loyal, he shows her by refusing to defend himself in a fight. She kills him, then distraught over the act, kills herself so they will go home together. As Nameless debates over what to do in his meeting with the king, Yimon actually shows both characters as heroes. Both have causes to which they are loyal. One is a defender with raging inner turmoil, and the other is a unifier with raging outer turmoil as he struggles to bring all the competing kingdoms together. Yet Nameless undergoes a spiritual and emotional transformation as he finds that being a true hero means rising above one’s petty loyalties; it also takes trust to find a higher cause. Both men share insights that aid them to overcome their mutual conflict as they share the ideal that both want what is best for the masses. As Nameless empties himself of his own desires, renouncing what he wants, he becomes invulnerable. Led by Broken Sword, Nameless has grown to accept that his loyalties were merely provisional, way stations on the path to something greater, though less tangible. By doing so, he echoes the philosophical tenets of Daoism with his self emptying. (Cinema Scope,p. 9). Yet Yimou has been criticized for rewriting history, portraying the King of Qin as rosier than past historical accounts have shown. These accounts demonstrate that the man was a brutal tyrant. Additionally, the film’s strong adherence to sacrificing one’s individuality for the good of the many as filtered through the state is a concept the pro communist Chinese government was pleased with. However, at a press conference Yimou insisted that choosing which dynasty to put in the story was an aesthetic choice not preconditioned by any one political slant (Kung Fu, 1). Many critics deride Yimou over the position in the film, forgetting that this was one of several narratives. Granted, the story can be seen as putting the good of the many over the good of the individual; that loyalty to the masses trumphs individual loyalty. However, Hero can also be seen as a multiple narrative since the tales by Nameless and the king are mutually contradictory. In this context, tyranny is not simply a means to an end. Although viewers who want to align themselves with the king of Qin will see a paean to Chinese unity and totalitarianism,; the reading is there for the taking. But such a position neglects to take into account the film’s clear message of underminding the limited authority of any single individual and the idea of narrative as closure itself. Cinema Scope Magazine notes that Hero celebrates absence as spectacle, glorifying absolute renunciation and perfect nonviolence as preconditions for peace. Like Nameless, it speaks to power, underminding authority’s grip on narrativity. Instead of a struggle within the narrative, Hero puts the control of the narrative into dispute. It is really about who has control of the story: Nameless or the king. As filmed philosophically, it is Yimou’s continual challenge to any   state or empire. Hero is allied to Daoism, a set of ideals which finds fullness in absence, transcendence in renunciation, fullness in letting go. The Lao Txu Dao’s primary text was written during the time of the Warring States, the period of turmoil that ended with the unification of China under Qin. In Hero he is still years away from this great accomplishment, simply the king of Qin. Yimou’s best recent films The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) and Not One Less contain the same concept of speaking stories to power. Yimou has struggled with authorities over who gets to tell the authentic story; how divergent it can be from the official version . He still has movies such as To Live that are officially banned in China today because of their recount of the unacceptably critical history of the People‘s Republic of china form 1945 to the 70s   (â€Å"Hero,† 3). Both Farewell My Concubine and Hero are marvelous spectacles, demonstrating in differing styles various allegiances, alliances, and betrayals; even renunciation of individual loyalty for the greater good. A glimpse of turbulent Chinese history can be gleaned through the films. The international audience is so much the   richer for having these works in their repetoire. References Clark, P. (2005).   Republic of China: A Generation and its Films. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press â€Å"Chinese Film,† (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/farewell_my_concubine/ CinemaScope. (2003). Vol 5, issue I, no14. Retrieved 4 August 2006. â€Å"Farewell My Concubine.† (2006). Chinese Cinema.org.   Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.chinesecinema.org â€Å"Hero,† (2004). Men’s Health. September. Retrieved 4 August 2006. Ij, F. (2005). â€Å"Review of Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film† Film Criticism. Vol. 30. IMDB.(2006). www.internetmoviedatabase.net   Retrieved 4 August 2006. Kung Fu Cinema. (2006). www.kungfucinema.com Retrieved 6 August 2006. â€Å"Movie Reviews,† (2006). Colossus.net. Retrieved $ August 2006 www.colossus.net Zhang, X. (1997). Chinese Modernism in the Era of Reform. Durham, NC: Duke U Press.                                          

Watergate. Glenn L. Venner. Cincinnati State Community

Watergate Glenn L. Venner Cincinnati State Community College. After the November shooting of president Kennedy, the nation and the world mourned. While we mourned another part of our country was raising up for right and the south would be flung into a racial war. the war in Vietnam would be a lost cause and an embarrassment for LBJ. It would all end with the embarrassment and the trust lost in our politicians and our president. This will come to haunt us even today and be known as the Watergate scandal. On the morning of June 17, 1972, several men were arrested in connection with the burglary inside the office of the Democratic National Committee located near the Watergate building in Washington, D.C. The robbery was in†¦show more content†¦The FBI and the American public need to know just what had happened and that this may not have been just a typical break-in but a cover up to protect someone. And if so was it an abuse of presidential power and a deliberate obstruction of justice. Meanwhile, at the same time seven conspirators were indicted on charges related to the Watergate building break-in. At the instruction of the President’s aides, five pleaded guilty to the charges and avoided trial; while White House counsel John Dean, testified before a grand jury about the president’s crimes. The other two were convicted in January 1973 for the break-in. By this time, a number of people including Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, and tria l judge John J. Sirica and members of a Senate investigating committee had begun to think that something bigger was going to break soon. The break though came when they found out that the President had secretly taped every conversation that took place in the Oval Office. If the investigating committee could get those tapes, they would have proof of the president’s guilt. Nixon worked very hard to keep those tapes away from anyone his legal staff advised him that he did not have to hand them over that he had executive privilege to protect them and to not give them to anyone. However, Senate committee and the independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox

Jd R Model And The Dual Process - 786 Words

In addition to the claim that employee well-being is linked to demand and resources, the second assumption of the JD-R model is that job demands and job resources initiate two distinct processes known as the dual process. The first process is hypothesised as the stress process (Bakker Demerouti, 2014). In relation to the stress process, chronic excessive demands diminish employees energetic resources, mentally and physically, thereby leading to employees experiencing strain (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; 2014). This strain, in turn, has been related to unfavourable organisational outcomes, such as absenteeism, as indicated previously. On the other hand, the second process, the motivational process, assumes that resources are motivational by nature and links high levels of resources, via work engagement (motivation), with positive organisational outcomes (e.g. increased productivity) (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; Hu, Schaufeli Taris, 2011). In sum, the stress process affirms that high dema nds lead to strain which, in turn, results in adverse organisational outcomes, and the motivational process asserts that high levels of resources lead to employee engagement, which subsequently leads to favourable organisational outcomes. The Role of Personal Resources Job resources may originate at the level of the organisation (e.g. job redesign) and at the level of the task (e.g. autonomy). Researchers have recently investigated personal resources in relation to the JD-R model and haveShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship between Academic Obstacles and Facilitators 2145 Words   |  9 Pages 1979). Strain has a huge impact on any individual’s well-being and may lead to exhaustion, sleeping problems or impaired health. 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In other words, the brand’s power acts as a significant entry barrier. To enhance the brand’s power, most luxury car marques have stretched their brand upward or downward into a ‘new’ segment. Most marques who usually have strong position of their car models on mid-size and large luxury saloon segments will stretch their brand downward. For exampleRead MorePotential Therapy For Human Inflammatory Disorders3972 Words   |  16 Pagesderivatives inter changeably (Shaw, 2011 and Verrier, 2012), however some studies have suggested differences in their activities. According to Williams et al the cleavage of cementoin from trappin-2 resulted in a reduced protective effect in an in vivo model of elastase-induced lung injury making the intact protein more effective as an alarm anti-protease than in its latter form (Williams, 2006). 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Classical inventory models have generally focused on demand uncertainty and established best practices to mitigate demand risk. However, supply risk can have very diï ¬â‚¬erent impacts on the optimal inventory management policies and can even reverse what is known about best practices

The Censorship Of Art Essay - 2753 Words

Things are heating up in America. People are protesting outside of the movie theaters, concerts, and book and record stores of this great nation everywhere. What is all the fuss about? Censorship, Government officials and raving mad protesters alike have been trying to stop the expressive creativity in everything from Marilyn Manson to Mark Twain. One of the biggest shake-ups happened in museums all over the world recently that would have made Michelangelo and DiVinchi’s hair stand on end. In the Constitution of the United States, the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, the right to assemble and to petition the government; the Ninth Amendment says, quot;The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,†¦show more content†¦In H.G. Hovagimyan’s TOKARTOK: The Censorship of Art, he states: quot;Artists are often asked to change parts of their works to conform to the publics morality. This has been going on since the Pope asked Mich elangelo to paint fig leaves on Adam and Eve.quot; Yes do not forget about the control the church has had on artistic expression since the beginning of time. When the church has something to say everyone listens. It is amusing how when something offends the church it quickly disappears. However, when these people see some bubble that looks like the face of the Virgin Mary in a tortilla chip, they start worshiping it. Next comes a media circus and before lunch it is all over CNN and every other news broadcast in the world. It is obvious the government uses those situations to promote the Church and its ideals of acceptable art even if it is a tortilla chip. As the 1960’s came to an end the meaning and importance of the first amendment became indisputable. The Democratic National Convention in Chicago, protesting against the Vietnam War and the political assassinations of the late 1960’s (with the governments’ interjection and objection) showed that the so-calledShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship Of The Arts1173 Words   |  5 Pages Censorship In the Arts Innocence, purity, youth — qualities that society strives to protect. In order to safeguard these sanctities, society often employs censorship to combat vileness. Vileness embedded within the arts. Art has no limits, no boundaries, no rules. Art is undefinable. Therefore, art is easily considered to be the nesting grounds for defilement. Censorship is currently the preferred tool to cleanse this impurity. Censorship is â€Å"the suppression of words, images, or ideas that areRead MoreCensorship in Art733 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorships emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreCensorship of the Arts in Singapore1474 Words   |  6 Pagesstrike between freedom of and restrictions upon artistic expression? The commonly accepted definition of censorship- that certain texts, images, or films should be banned. The Longman’s English Dictionary defines censorship as to examine books, films, letters etc, to remove anything that is considered offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous. Narrowing down the definition to cover The Arts scene in Singapore, the question beckons should anyone have the power to place restrictions on an individual’sRead More Censorship in art Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Censorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorship’s emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreExamples And Ambiguities Of Art Censorship1459 Words   |  6 PagesExamples and Ambiguities of Art Censorship (Position Paper) Art censorship, suppression of the arts, has a very long history. This is because all societies must decide what the limits of free speech are, and in this decision they must also decide the status of art. It is easy to raise more questions than answers when exploring this topic as it is a question whose answer is affected by differing perspectives and opinions. It would be exceedingly difficult to articulate an argument based on dataRead MoreCensorship Of Children And The Art Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship in children s cartoons is something that has a largely negative effect both on children and the art industry as a whole. Censorship can push itself on any number of topics: on violence, on love, on lgbt visibility, and on death. Censoring these scenes only serves to negate the sense of seriousness given to an issue. For instance, if you take away the possibility of a character getting injured or dying during a conflict, you lower the stakes, thus making whatever pl ot progression may beRead More Art Censorship Essay examples501 Words   |  3 PagesArt Censorship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent news there was a controversy over art shown in Santa Fe Community College’s gallery. The artist Pat Payne created obscene religious pictures that for the most part were mocking the Catholic religion. I feel that there is no need for artwork to be censored if in an appropriate place. Placing paintings that may seem to be obscene in an art museum, gallery, or anywhere else that attract mostly mature individuals is appropriate and obviously placing those same piecesRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesThe Censorship of Art While the censorship of art is not a new phenomenon, recent years have witnessed renewed and intensified attempts to control popular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilizeRead MoreThe Effect Censorship has on Art Essay examples943 Words   |  4 PagesThough out history artist have rejected any forms of censorship. Governments have had to enforce censorship laws for the sake of public safety. As well, as to maintain control of society and to uphold the moral and ethical values that the populous demands. Whether you are for or against censorship in art, it serves a useful purpose in moderation, but it can be taken to extremes. Whether it’s a fascist government or a extrem ist religious organization it is easy for a controversial law to be twistedRead MoreCensorship Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Censorship Censorship is a highly controversial topic regarding the arts, controlling the freedom of expression of artists to convey what is deemed acceptable within society. Ai Weiwei falls victim under the power of the regime and the influence of censorship guidelines within China, limiting the display of his art due to the important messages he raises. Andres Serrano has experienced attempted censorship on his provocative image, Piss Christ, and has been attacked for producing offensive art.

Impact of Using Robotic Technology

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Using Robotic Technology. Answer: Introduction The use of Robotic technology has been prevailing as the forefront for modern automotive industry since 1960s. In the present day, use of this technology is growing with the advancement in innovation. The production with the use of Robotic technology has grown tremendously, when automobile factories first began automating the processes involved in producing new cars. The use of robotics has reduced total labor hours and increasedproductivity at reduced costs for manufacturing of more cars that are affordable by consumers. Engelberger (2012), states that despite of the widespread adoption of robotics in the automotive industry still there are controversies regarding the impact of this technology on the automotive industry. Hence, this paper analyzes and illustrates upon the impact of using robotic technology in automotive industry. Although the use of robotic technology has improved the supply chain for automotive industry, still many view this technology with suspicion and as a destr uctive force. Background The automotive industry has increased their investments in robotic technology over the past years. In 2013, almost 70,000 new robots were introduced, building up another pinnacle level. With worldwide vehicle creation hitting roughly 90 million units in 2014, the quantity of establishments is just anticipated that would ascend in years to come. According to Dhillon (2012), modern robots have been connected with the car business as far back as their initiation more than 50 years prior. In 1962, Unimation's UNIMATE was introduced in General Motors' New Jersey plant, making it the principal mechanical robot to be ever utilized by a noteworthy producer. However, it was not until around 20 years after the fact when mechanical robots genuinely have to be synonymous with the vehicle business. Amid this time, makers started swinging to mechanical autonomy to computerize more procedures than any other time in recent memory, including welding, painting, get together, die throwing, and extensiv e part exchange. Quick forward to today, and the car business keeps on ruling worldwide robot utilization, and automated establishments are at an untouched high. Trends in the Industry and Future In the primary quarter of 2015, car related requests kept on driving the mechanical apply autonomy advertise. Robot requests to the car parts industry expanded 66%, while robots requested via car OEMs developed by 6%. The most widely recognized applications for these robots included material taking care of (33%), spot welding (26%), and covering and administering (9%). While the quantity of mechanical robots is rising quickly in different enterprises, it is still very clear that the car business remains the key driver for the development of modern apply autonomy around the globe (Shimokawa, Jurgens Fujimoto, 2012). While robots will keep on being used at a record pace, the eventual fate of the worldwide car industry will not be without its difficulties. With stricter controls on discharges and security, and additionally changing customer patterns and rising interest, it is more basic than any time in recent memory for producers to have an effective and dependable assembling process. These liquid industry patterns make open doors for different new generation lines and modernization of old hardware (Meike, Pellicciari Berselli, 2014). The usage of mechanical apply autonomy can help makers acknowledge lessen time-to-market, cut item costs, bring down vitality utilization, and that is only the tip of the iceberg. As makers hope to stay aggressive, anticipate that mechanical technology will keep assuming a significant part in the advancement of the car business. Global Impact The United States has been amidst an assembling renaissance starting late, and that is obvious in late insights encompassing mechanical apply autonomy in America. Since 2010, American vehicle generation has expanded by a normal of 15.86% every year, and producers have observed. At the point when contrasted with 2010, the business rate in the car business expanded by an extra 21% in 2013. With that, increment in work additionally came an expansion in computerization (Kovacs, 2013). The United States now positions third all-inclusive in robot thickness in the car business, with a thickness of 1,111 units. Robot thickness is characterized as the quantity of modern robots in operation per 10,000 workers in the car business. Furthermore, 56% of all mechanical robot arranges in North America were made via carmakers. Brossog, Bornschlegl and Franke (2015), presented that along with the United States, one cannot resist the opportunity to raise China while examining mechanical technology in the car business. China is the world's biggest auto advertise, delivering more than 23 million vehicles in 2014. This enormous car market is by a long shot the biggest purchaser of robots in China, representing around 40% of China's aggregate robot supply. The International Federation of Robotics gauges that a race via automakers to manufacture plants in China, alongside wage swelling, will push the operational supply of modern robots in China dramatically to increase to 428,000 units by 2017. Restructuring of the Automotive Industry using robotic technology The vehicle organizations took an egotistical point of view on the rebuilding of the business. They supported new laborers over the old, dependable specialists who relied on cash to bolster their families (Poole, 2012). They were propelled by the reduction in labor costs that happened from the presentation of robots. This shows how legislative issues and self-intrigue can demolish what could be a simple move into another style of creation. Laborers left their old occupations on awful terms, which could have affected their choice when obtaining another auto. This could hurt the vehicle business in a roundabout way, since they could lose an entire market of potential purchasers. Moreover, the robots that supplanted the work cannot buy the vehicles they assembled (Meike et al., 2012). They have no feeling of dependability to their organization, since they are not genuine individuals. Because of this, the economy endures in light of the fact that there are not the same number of faithful representatives to buy the autos that are being sold. The rebuilding of the vehicle business utilizing mechanical autonomy has prompted to numerous positive and negative changes to nations over the world. Creating nations have profited from the movement of industrial facilities. Created nations have experienced the switch in labor and the reduction in representative unwaveringness, yet luckily, in the three decades since the presentation of mechanical technology, the car business has balanced (Angerer et al., 2012). Families have discovered option occupations, and the monetary emergency has diminished generally. Individuals over the world have profited from the more secure autos that the more proficient and exact robots fabricate. The wellbeing issue alone is reason one cannot preclude that the rebuilding from claiming the business has conveyed some great to the world. As life proceeds onwards, and the long-extend financial aftermath turns out to be more evident, the correct way of the impacts made by this move can be chosen. Impact of using robotic technology on productivity and employment The discoveries on the total effect of robots are intriguing given late worries in the macroeconomic writing that efficiency picks up from innovation, when all is said in done, may have backed off. Fernandez et al. (2012), communicates an especially skeptical view, and there are extensive worries about common macroeconomic stagnation despite of the fact that others are idealistic. It is normal that the advantageous impacts of robots will reach out into the future, as new robot capacities are produced and administration robots become an adult. The discoveries do accompany a note of alert: there is some proof of lessening negligible returns, or clog impacts, to robot utilize, so they are not a panacea for development. In spite of the fact that there is no confirmation of a negative effect of robots on total business, we see a more nuanced picture when we break employments and the wage cost around aptitude bunches. Robots seem to decrease the hours and the wage expenses of low-gifted specialists, and to lesser degree center talented laborers (Miller, 2013). They have no noteworthy impact on the work of high-gifted laborers. This example varies from the impact that late work has found for ICT, which appears to profit high-talented laborers to the detriment of center-gifted specialists. In further results, it has been found that modern robots expanded aggregate component profitability and wages. In the meantime, we locate no huge impact of robots on the work share. In synopsis, it has been found that mechanical robots made noteworthy commitments to work efficiency and total development, and expanded wages and aggregate variable profitability (Graetz Michaels, 2015). While fears that robots obliterate occupations on a vast scale have not emerged, there is some proof that robots diminished low and center talented laborers' work. Preparatory post-2007 information by Almassri et al. (2015), demonstrated the quantity of robots has kept on swelling, and the arrangement of assignments they can perform has extended. Both of these patterns demonstrate that robots will keep on playing a critical part in enhancing profitability. Role of robotic technology in Safety, Quality and efficiency Most robots are intended to be some assistance or an innovative instrument. They individuals with undertakings that would be troublesome, dangerous, exhausting, or redundant for a human to perform. The main modern robots performed assignments that were, "Hot, Heavy, or Hazardous," the three-H, performing errands that were excessively troublesome or excessively unsafe for individuals (Bock Linner, 2015). Robots display fluctuating degrees of independent conduct; numerous robots are customized dependably to do particular monotonous activities without variety and with a greatly high level of precision. These activities are dictated by customized schedules that indicate the heading, speeding up, speed, deceleration, and separation of a progression of composed movements. Some of the time they imitate the movements of people precisely, and different times they enhance it, moving speedier, even more unequivocally, or more easily than people do. Some mechanical robots have expanded adaptability in regards to the situating and introduction of the question on which they are working, or even the general assignment that must be performed (Ahmad et al., 2013). Mechanical robots frequently utilize exact direction; many contain machine vision sub-frameworks connected to effective PCs or controllers. Counterfeit consciousness, which is still seen as sci-fi, is really turning into an undeniably critical consider the cutting edge, more versatile mechanical robot. Mechanical Truck Association President, Jeff Rufener, predicts that by 2025, completely computerized and guided forklifts will represent half of modern deals. As indicated by Yang et al. (2015), in a presentation on robots in assembling, more than 90% of all robots utilized today are found as a part of processing plants. These robots are alluded to as the traditional mechanical robots. Ten years prior, the vast majority of robots were obtained via car organizations. Today, half of robots made are utilized via auto producers. Robots have made tremendous walks into distribution centers, labs, vitality plants, and healing centers. Robots are utilized to collect items, handle unsafe materials, weld metal, shower completes, review parts, manufacture segments, help with working rooms, and even oversee domesticated animals. Robots are utilized for cutting, cleaning, and additionally welding. The extension and scope of robots and use will proceed to develop and grow. Acceptance of this truth depends on grasping inescapable change. Impact of using robotic technology on profitability in Automotive Industry Most car assembling happens in substantial rural processing plants with robotized innovation worked via autoworkers. This innovation permits specialists to take high-ability undertakings and leave manual operations to mechanized hardware. Robots can lift heavier items than people can, pushing get together to wind up more proficient. Economies of scale decrease settled expenses for automakers and bolster worldwide interest for new autos. Mechanical autonomy have turned out to be progressively essential to keeping up the supply chains of car parts, materials and automaker organizations (Pellicciari et al., 2013). Some carmakers coordinate the utilization of distributed computing advancements into generation, empowering better remote controls of mechanical innovation and enhancing correspondences with computerized hardware. As laborers figure out how to program and adjust robots, new uses are connected on the plant floor for existing innovation. Automakers keep on adopting mechanized in novation to enhance creation at the production line level. Of all the mechanical innovation utilized as a part of processing plants, about half is in car creation. Computerized innovation utilize has extended immensely as purchaser request has expanded the requirement for more vehicles. Mechanical technology diminish work costs on a for each auto premise, expanding the benefit potential for every item (Hunt, 2012). Computerized frameworks permit vehicle organizations to create distinctive models of autos in the meantime and increment the quantity of items delivered inside little generation runs. With talented work deficiencies regular in the car business, more organizations are obtaining robots to help with expanded customer spending. Conclusion In conclusions, it can be said that there is no confirmation of a negative effect of robots on total business; it has been seen that a more nuanced picture when we break employments and the wage cost around aptitude bunches. Robots seem to decrease the hours and the wage expenses of low-gifted specialists, and to lesser degree center talented laborers. They have no noteworthy impact on the work of high-gifted laborers. This example varies from the impact that late work has found for ICT, which appears to profit high-talented laborers to the detriment of center-gifted specialists. In further results, it has been found that modern robots expanded aggregate component profitability and wages. In the meantime, we locate no huge impact of robots on the work share. In synopsis, it has been found that mechanical robots made noteworthy commitments to work efficiency and total development, and expanded wages and aggregate variable profitability. References Ahmad, Z., Lu, S., Zoppi, M., Molfino, R. (2013, August). Conceptual design of flexible and reconfigurable gripper for automotive subassemblies. InProceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology(No. 80, p. 211). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET). Almassri, A. M., Wan Hasan, W. Z., Ahmad, S. A., Ishak, A. J., Ghazali, A. M., Talib, D. N., Wada, C. (2015). Pressure sensor: state of the art, design, and application for robotic hand.Journal of Sensors,2015. Angerer, S., Strassmair, C., Staehr, M., Roettenbacher, M., Robertson, N. M. (2012, April). Give me a handThe potential of mobile assistive robots in automotive logistics and assembly applications. In2012 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications (TePRA)(pp. 111-116). IEEE. Bock, T., Linner, T. (2015).Robot Oriented Design. Cambridge University Press. Brossog, M., Bornschlegl, M., Franke, J. (2015). Reducing the energy consumption of industrial robots in manufacturing systems.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,78(5-8), 1315-1328. Dhillon, B. S. (2012).Robot reliability and safety. Springer Science Business Media. Engelberger, J. F. (2012).Robotics in practice: management and applications of industrial robots. Springer Science Business Media. Fernandez, G. C., Gutierrez, S. M., Ruiz, E. S., Perez, F. M., Gil, M. C. (2012). Robotics, the new industrial revolution.IEEE Technology and Society Magazine,31(2), 51-58. Graetz, G., Michaels, G. (2015). Robots at work. Hunt, V. D. (2012).Understanding robotics. Elsevier. Kovcs, A. (2013). Task sequencing for remote laser welding in the automotive industry. Meike, D., Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G. (2014). Energy efficient use of multirobot production lines in the automotive industry: Detailed system modeling and optimization.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,11(3), 798-809. Meike, D., Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G., Vergnano, A., Ribickis, L. (2012, August). Increasing the energy efficiency of multi-robot production lines in the automotive industry. In2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)(pp. 700-705). IEEE. Miller, R. K. (2013).Industrial robot handbook. Springer Science Business Media. Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G., Leali, F., Vergnano, A. (2013). A method for reducing the energy consumption of pick-and-place industrial robots.Mechatronics,23(3), 326-334. Poole, H. H. (2012).Fundamentals of robotics engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Shimokawa, K., Jrgens, U., Fujimoto, T. (Eds.). (2012).Transforming automobile assembly: experience in automation and work organization. Springer Science Business Media. Yang, S. S., Ngiam, H. Y., Ong, S. K., Nee, A. Y. C. (2015). The impact of automotive product remanufacturing on environmental performance.Procedia CIRP,29, 774-779.

Malcolm Hendrix Essays (695 words) - Film, , Term Papers

Malcolm Hendrix The year was 1925, and someone special was born. His birth name was Malcolm Little, however there were big things in store for this child. Born in Omaha, Nebraska. The seventh of eleven children born to Earl Little, an organizer for Marcus Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement (Compton's encyclopedia online). At age six Malcolm's father was murdered. As a result his mother later suffered a nervous breakdown, and the family was separated by welfare agencies (Compton's encyclopedia online). Later in life he would blame these same agencies for destroying his family. He was bounced around from boardinghouses and schools, and dreamed of becoming a lawyer only to be discouraged by his teachers. After leaving school, in the eighth grade, he lived with a relative in Boston, Mass. He shined shoes, worked in a restaurant and on a railroad kitchen crew. In 1942 he moved to a section in New York called Harlem. Where he lived as a hustler, cheating people to make money for himself. He also sold drugs and became a drug addict himself. A rival drug dealer named "West Indian Archie" ran him out of New York. And he ended up back in Boston. Where he started a burglary ring, which consisted of friend named Shorty, a pretty boy type of fellow named Rudy, a woman that Malcolm dealt with named Sophia and one of her friends (Alex Haley 168). He soon found out that crime does not pay, when he soon got arrested and stolen items were found in his possession. The Negroes of that group was sentenced to eight years, while the whites of the group were sentenced to only two. This put an image in Malcolm's head on how the justice system was ran. While in prison. Malcolm was well known to the guards. One time he was asked to state his number, but instead he said he forgot his number. The guards beat him and sent him to the "darkroom". In the darkroom he met Brother Bains. Bains was a man everyone respected including guards. He was known as a real man and gave speeches about Islam. Malcolm did not listen at first; however it didn't take him long to listen to the words of black empowerment, spoken by brother Bains. The black Muslims prediction that in the near future a great war would take place in which whites would be destroyed and black people would rule the world through the power of Allah, their creator. To prepare for this Brother Bains preached, the importance of self-restraint, opposed the use of drugs and alcohol, and organized self-help groups. Malcolm Little was converted to this faith. Instead of wasting his time in prison getting into more trouble, he begins to read and broaden his thoughts. As he did this, his mind opens up to knowledge. He also tried to improve in other areas such as appearance and speech. He decided not to associate himself with former friends he got in trouble with, and formed new friendships with people of the same faith. He left prison Malcolm X. An image popped into my head while reading"the Autobiography of Malcolm X"(Alex Haley 231). The image of a strong man standing in the middle of stage giving a speech. The year is 1953. At the height of racial tension, the city is Detroit. Malcolm X is giving a speech after a run in with FBI agents concerning the nation of Islam's practices, and how their message was being used. He stands on the pulpit, and delivers a message. "We didn't land on Plymouth rock, my brothers Plymouth Rock landed on us!" It's a clear message to his followers. If you want to succeed, first get from under that rock. He insisted that "black is beautiful," and that African Americans must take control of their own destiny. As Malcolm was giving a speech at the autobahn in New York City. Three men gunned him down, in cold blood, in front of his wife and children. At the end of Malcolm's life. He was a changed man, a man no longer involved with racism although he had a large following he saw an even larger picture. He saw a world where people of all colors and religions could help one another instead of fight one another. His most enduring messages are one of black pride and self-respect, combined with his uncompromising rejection of racism.