Jd R Model And The Dual Process - 786 Words

In addition to the claim that employee well-being is linked to demand and resources, the second assumption of the JD-R model is that job demands and job resources initiate two distinct processes known as the dual process. The first process is hypothesised as the stress process (Bakker Demerouti, 2014). In relation to the stress process, chronic excessive demands diminish employees energetic resources, mentally and physically, thereby leading to employees experiencing strain (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; 2014). This strain, in turn, has been related to unfavourable organisational outcomes, such as absenteeism, as indicated previously. On the other hand, the second process, the motivational process, assumes that resources are motivational by nature and links high levels of resources, via work engagement (motivation), with positive organisational outcomes (e.g. increased productivity) (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; Hu, Schaufeli Taris, 2011). In sum, the stress process affirms that high dema nds lead to strain which, in turn, results in adverse organisational outcomes, and the motivational process asserts that high levels of resources lead to employee engagement, which subsequently leads to favourable organisational outcomes. The Role of Personal Resources Job resources may originate at the level of the organisation (e.g. job redesign) and at the level of the task (e.g. autonomy). Researchers have recently investigated personal resources in relation to the JD-R model and haveShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship between Academic Obstacles and Facilitators 2145 Words   |  9 Pages 1979). Strain has a huge impact on any individual’s well-being and may lead to exhaustion, sleeping problems or impaired health. As every academic institution or occupation has its own risk factors for stress, the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) is a model that suggests exhaustion or strain is a result of higher demands and low resources in the workplace. Job demands can be defined as physical, psychological, social or organizational aspects of work that require a certain amount of skill orRead MoreSystems and Operations Management Mercedes Benz9163 Words   |  37 Pagesmanagement Abhijeet Ghosh, A4060514, MBA Intake 14 (Group B) London School of Business and Finance Table of Content Executive Summary amp; Introduction 3 Product and Services 3 Task 1: Operations Management 4 Operations Strategy 4 Process Design 4 Body Shop 5 Paint Shop 6 Assembly 7 Just in Time 8 Quality Management 8 Innovation and Improvement 9 Supply Chain Management 10 Task 2: Integration of Information system 12 Business Integration Server 13 Task 3: Job Design 14 LeanRead MoreMultinational Business Finance 10th Edition Solution Manual41185 Words   |  165 Pages Financial Goals Corporate Governance 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 Problem # 1.1: Shareholder Returns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.2: Shareholder Choices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Problem # 1.3: Microsoft s Dividend†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Problem # 1.4: Dual Classes of Common Stock†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.5: Corporate Governance: Minority Shareholder Control†¦ Problem # 1.6: Price/Earnings Ratios and Acquisitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.7: Corporate Governance: Overstating Earnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Problem # 1.8: CarltonRead MoreLow Employment Rates Of Minority Leaders At A Private2582 Words   |  11 Pagessocioeconomic status, and sexual orientation (Thelin, 2011). However, even though there has also been an increased emphasis on diversity as demonstrated by the implementation of affirmative action, race-based considerations in the higher education admissions process and Title IX, minorities continue to struggle to secure leadership positions at colleges and universities (Gurin, Dey, Hurtado, Gurin, 2002). The most recent report produced by the American Council on Education (ACE) on college presidents statesRead More02.. Supervisors . Professor Yin Xiao Is A World Leader3135 Words   |  13 Pagescommunication regulates the homoeostasis of bone.(5) Our Athymic model will allow us to determine the regulation of regeneration in the absence the adaptive immune system; the Athymic lacks a thymus,(6) which is the activating key to our adaptive systems. Without a thymus, our T B-cells(7) stay as immature, inactive components of a highly dynamic process. 04. To contrast, our Athymic model, we will incorporate a Wild-type model which we shall chemically induce macrophage depletion with(8) Clodronate-liposomesâ„ ¢Read MoreOsteoporosis: bone Mass7865 Words   |  32 Pagesosteoporosis and fracture.[25] †¢ Chronic lithium therapy has been associated with osteoporosis.[16] [edit] Diagnosis [pic] [pic] A scanner used to measure bone density with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is made on measuring the bone mineral density (BMD). The most popular method is dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA). In addition to the detection of abnormal BMD, the diagnosis of osteoporosis requires investigations into potentially modifiable underlyingRead MoreInternational Car Buying Behaviour7179 Words   |  29 Pagescustomers are interested in differences across brands in the same product segment and even models. Most luxury cars hold their marques as a flagship. In other words, the brand’s power acts as a significant entry barrier. To enhance the brand’s power, most luxury car marques have stretched their brand upward or downward into a ‘new’ segment. Most marques who usually have strong position of their car models on mid-size and large luxury saloon segments will stretch their brand downward. For exampleRead MorePotential Therapy For Human Inflammatory Disorders3972 Words   |  16 Pagesderivatives inter changeably (Shaw, 2011 and Verrier, 2012), however some studies have suggested differences in their activities. According to Williams et al the cleavage of cementoin from trappin-2 resulted in a reduced protective effect in an in vivo model of elastase-induced lung injury making the intact protein more effective as an alarm anti-protease than in its latter form (Williams, 2006). Wiedow also reported a difference in activity of Trappin-2 compared to elafin, based on its inability to inhibitRead MoreRecruitment and Selection the Hofstede Model7727 Words   |  31 Pagesdiffuse, involving a general internationalisation of the organisation and building of networks of relationships across countries and cultures. Sending an employee to another country to manage an organisation’s operations has become a complicated process, typically requiring sophisticated understanding and complicated procedures.   For the organisation, and for the individual manager, the stakes can be surprisingly high.   Why this should be so, and what companies are reported as doing about it in theRead MoreCentralization vs Decentralization9770 Words   |  40 Pagesmay be disrupted and demand is stochastic, we demonstrate that a risk-averse ï ¬ rm should typically choose a decentralized inventory system design. 1 Introduction As supply chains expand globally, supply risk increases. Classical inventory models have generally focused on demand uncertainty and established best practices to mitigate demand risk. However, supply risk can have very diï ¬â‚¬erent impacts on the optimal inventory management policies and can even reverse what is known about best practices

The Censorship Of Art Essay - 2753 Words

Things are heating up in America. People are protesting outside of the movie theaters, concerts, and book and record stores of this great nation everywhere. What is all the fuss about? Censorship, Government officials and raving mad protesters alike have been trying to stop the expressive creativity in everything from Marilyn Manson to Mark Twain. One of the biggest shake-ups happened in museums all over the world recently that would have made Michelangelo and DiVinchi’s hair stand on end. In the Constitution of the United States, the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, the right to assemble and to petition the government; the Ninth Amendment says, quot;The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,†¦show more content†¦In H.G. Hovagimyan’s TOKARTOK: The Censorship of Art, he states: quot;Artists are often asked to change parts of their works to conform to the publics morality. This has been going on since the Pope asked Mich elangelo to paint fig leaves on Adam and Eve.quot; Yes do not forget about the control the church has had on artistic expression since the beginning of time. When the church has something to say everyone listens. It is amusing how when something offends the church it quickly disappears. However, when these people see some bubble that looks like the face of the Virgin Mary in a tortilla chip, they start worshiping it. Next comes a media circus and before lunch it is all over CNN and every other news broadcast in the world. It is obvious the government uses those situations to promote the Church and its ideals of acceptable art even if it is a tortilla chip. As the 1960’s came to an end the meaning and importance of the first amendment became indisputable. The Democratic National Convention in Chicago, protesting against the Vietnam War and the political assassinations of the late 1960’s (with the governments’ interjection and objection) showed that the so-calledShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship Of The Arts1173 Words   |  5 Pages Censorship In the Arts Innocence, purity, youth — qualities that society strives to protect. In order to safeguard these sanctities, society often employs censorship to combat vileness. Vileness embedded within the arts. Art has no limits, no boundaries, no rules. Art is undefinable. Therefore, art is easily considered to be the nesting grounds for defilement. Censorship is currently the preferred tool to cleanse this impurity. Censorship is â€Å"the suppression of words, images, or ideas that areRead MoreCensorship in Art733 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorships emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreCensorship of the Arts in Singapore1474 Words   |  6 Pagesstrike between freedom of and restrictions upon artistic expression? The commonly accepted definition of censorship- that certain texts, images, or films should be banned. The Longman’s English Dictionary defines censorship as to examine books, films, letters etc, to remove anything that is considered offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous. Narrowing down the definition to cover The Arts scene in Singapore, the question beckons should anyone have the power to place restrictions on an individual’sRead More Censorship in art Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Censorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorship’s emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreExamples And Ambiguities Of Art Censorship1459 Words   |  6 PagesExamples and Ambiguities of Art Censorship (Position Paper) Art censorship, suppression of the arts, has a very long history. This is because all societies must decide what the limits of free speech are, and in this decision they must also decide the status of art. It is easy to raise more questions than answers when exploring this topic as it is a question whose answer is affected by differing perspectives and opinions. It would be exceedingly difficult to articulate an argument based on dataRead MoreCensorship Of Children And The Art Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship in children s cartoons is something that has a largely negative effect both on children and the art industry as a whole. Censorship can push itself on any number of topics: on violence, on love, on lgbt visibility, and on death. Censoring these scenes only serves to negate the sense of seriousness given to an issue. For instance, if you take away the possibility of a character getting injured or dying during a conflict, you lower the stakes, thus making whatever pl ot progression may beRead More Art Censorship Essay examples501 Words   |  3 PagesArt Censorship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent news there was a controversy over art shown in Santa Fe Community College’s gallery. The artist Pat Payne created obscene religious pictures that for the most part were mocking the Catholic religion. I feel that there is no need for artwork to be censored if in an appropriate place. Placing paintings that may seem to be obscene in an art museum, gallery, or anywhere else that attract mostly mature individuals is appropriate and obviously placing those same piecesRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesThe Censorship of Art While the censorship of art is not a new phenomenon, recent years have witnessed renewed and intensified attempts to control popular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilizeRead MoreThe Effect Censorship has on Art Essay examples943 Words   |  4 PagesThough out history artist have rejected any forms of censorship. Governments have had to enforce censorship laws for the sake of public safety. As well, as to maintain control of society and to uphold the moral and ethical values that the populous demands. Whether you are for or against censorship in art, it serves a useful purpose in moderation, but it can be taken to extremes. Whether it’s a fascist government or a extrem ist religious organization it is easy for a controversial law to be twistedRead MoreCensorship Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Censorship Censorship is a highly controversial topic regarding the arts, controlling the freedom of expression of artists to convey what is deemed acceptable within society. Ai Weiwei falls victim under the power of the regime and the influence of censorship guidelines within China, limiting the display of his art due to the important messages he raises. Andres Serrano has experienced attempted censorship on his provocative image, Piss Christ, and has been attacked for producing offensive art.

Impact of Using Robotic Technology

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Using Robotic Technology. Answer: Introduction The use of Robotic technology has been prevailing as the forefront for modern automotive industry since 1960s. In the present day, use of this technology is growing with the advancement in innovation. The production with the use of Robotic technology has grown tremendously, when automobile factories first began automating the processes involved in producing new cars. The use of robotics has reduced total labor hours and increasedproductivity at reduced costs for manufacturing of more cars that are affordable by consumers. Engelberger (2012), states that despite of the widespread adoption of robotics in the automotive industry still there are controversies regarding the impact of this technology on the automotive industry. Hence, this paper analyzes and illustrates upon the impact of using robotic technology in automotive industry. Although the use of robotic technology has improved the supply chain for automotive industry, still many view this technology with suspicion and as a destr uctive force. Background The automotive industry has increased their investments in robotic technology over the past years. In 2013, almost 70,000 new robots were introduced, building up another pinnacle level. With worldwide vehicle creation hitting roughly 90 million units in 2014, the quantity of establishments is just anticipated that would ascend in years to come. According to Dhillon (2012), modern robots have been connected with the car business as far back as their initiation more than 50 years prior. In 1962, Unimation's UNIMATE was introduced in General Motors' New Jersey plant, making it the principal mechanical robot to be ever utilized by a noteworthy producer. However, it was not until around 20 years after the fact when mechanical robots genuinely have to be synonymous with the vehicle business. Amid this time, makers started swinging to mechanical autonomy to computerize more procedures than any other time in recent memory, including welding, painting, get together, die throwing, and extensiv e part exchange. Quick forward to today, and the car business keeps on ruling worldwide robot utilization, and automated establishments are at an untouched high. Trends in the Industry and Future In the primary quarter of 2015, car related requests kept on driving the mechanical apply autonomy advertise. Robot requests to the car parts industry expanded 66%, while robots requested via car OEMs developed by 6%. The most widely recognized applications for these robots included material taking care of (33%), spot welding (26%), and covering and administering (9%). While the quantity of mechanical robots is rising quickly in different enterprises, it is still very clear that the car business remains the key driver for the development of modern apply autonomy around the globe (Shimokawa, Jurgens Fujimoto, 2012). While robots will keep on being used at a record pace, the eventual fate of the worldwide car industry will not be without its difficulties. With stricter controls on discharges and security, and additionally changing customer patterns and rising interest, it is more basic than any time in recent memory for producers to have an effective and dependable assembling process. These liquid industry patterns make open doors for different new generation lines and modernization of old hardware (Meike, Pellicciari Berselli, 2014). The usage of mechanical apply autonomy can help makers acknowledge lessen time-to-market, cut item costs, bring down vitality utilization, and that is only the tip of the iceberg. As makers hope to stay aggressive, anticipate that mechanical technology will keep assuming a significant part in the advancement of the car business. Global Impact The United States has been amidst an assembling renaissance starting late, and that is obvious in late insights encompassing mechanical apply autonomy in America. Since 2010, American vehicle generation has expanded by a normal of 15.86% every year, and producers have observed. At the point when contrasted with 2010, the business rate in the car business expanded by an extra 21% in 2013. With that, increment in work additionally came an expansion in computerization (Kovacs, 2013). The United States now positions third all-inclusive in robot thickness in the car business, with a thickness of 1,111 units. Robot thickness is characterized as the quantity of modern robots in operation per 10,000 workers in the car business. Furthermore, 56% of all mechanical robot arranges in North America were made via carmakers. Brossog, Bornschlegl and Franke (2015), presented that along with the United States, one cannot resist the opportunity to raise China while examining mechanical technology in the car business. China is the world's biggest auto advertise, delivering more than 23 million vehicles in 2014. This enormous car market is by a long shot the biggest purchaser of robots in China, representing around 40% of China's aggregate robot supply. The International Federation of Robotics gauges that a race via automakers to manufacture plants in China, alongside wage swelling, will push the operational supply of modern robots in China dramatically to increase to 428,000 units by 2017. Restructuring of the Automotive Industry using robotic technology The vehicle organizations took an egotistical point of view on the rebuilding of the business. They supported new laborers over the old, dependable specialists who relied on cash to bolster their families (Poole, 2012). They were propelled by the reduction in labor costs that happened from the presentation of robots. This shows how legislative issues and self-intrigue can demolish what could be a simple move into another style of creation. Laborers left their old occupations on awful terms, which could have affected their choice when obtaining another auto. This could hurt the vehicle business in a roundabout way, since they could lose an entire market of potential purchasers. Moreover, the robots that supplanted the work cannot buy the vehicles they assembled (Meike et al., 2012). They have no feeling of dependability to their organization, since they are not genuine individuals. Because of this, the economy endures in light of the fact that there are not the same number of faithful representatives to buy the autos that are being sold. The rebuilding of the vehicle business utilizing mechanical autonomy has prompted to numerous positive and negative changes to nations over the world. Creating nations have profited from the movement of industrial facilities. Created nations have experienced the switch in labor and the reduction in representative unwaveringness, yet luckily, in the three decades since the presentation of mechanical technology, the car business has balanced (Angerer et al., 2012). Families have discovered option occupations, and the monetary emergency has diminished generally. Individuals over the world have profited from the more secure autos that the more proficient and exact robots fabricate. The wellbeing issue alone is reason one cannot preclude that the rebuilding from claiming the business has conveyed some great to the world. As life proceeds onwards, and the long-extend financial aftermath turns out to be more evident, the correct way of the impacts made by this move can be chosen. Impact of using robotic technology on productivity and employment The discoveries on the total effect of robots are intriguing given late worries in the macroeconomic writing that efficiency picks up from innovation, when all is said in done, may have backed off. Fernandez et al. (2012), communicates an especially skeptical view, and there are extensive worries about common macroeconomic stagnation despite of the fact that others are idealistic. It is normal that the advantageous impacts of robots will reach out into the future, as new robot capacities are produced and administration robots become an adult. The discoveries do accompany a note of alert: there is some proof of lessening negligible returns, or clog impacts, to robot utilize, so they are not a panacea for development. In spite of the fact that there is no confirmation of a negative effect of robots on total business, we see a more nuanced picture when we break employments and the wage cost around aptitude bunches. Robots seem to decrease the hours and the wage expenses of low-gifted specialists, and to lesser degree center talented laborers (Miller, 2013). They have no noteworthy impact on the work of high-gifted laborers. This example varies from the impact that late work has found for ICT, which appears to profit high-talented laborers to the detriment of center-gifted specialists. In further results, it has been found that modern robots expanded aggregate component profitability and wages. In the meantime, we locate no huge impact of robots on the work share. In synopsis, it has been found that mechanical robots made noteworthy commitments to work efficiency and total development, and expanded wages and aggregate variable profitability (Graetz Michaels, 2015). While fears that robots obliterate occupations on a vast scale have not emerged, there is some proof that robots diminished low and center talented laborers' work. Preparatory post-2007 information by Almassri et al. (2015), demonstrated the quantity of robots has kept on swelling, and the arrangement of assignments they can perform has extended. Both of these patterns demonstrate that robots will keep on playing a critical part in enhancing profitability. Role of robotic technology in Safety, Quality and efficiency Most robots are intended to be some assistance or an innovative instrument. They individuals with undertakings that would be troublesome, dangerous, exhausting, or redundant for a human to perform. The main modern robots performed assignments that were, "Hot, Heavy, or Hazardous," the three-H, performing errands that were excessively troublesome or excessively unsafe for individuals (Bock Linner, 2015). Robots display fluctuating degrees of independent conduct; numerous robots are customized dependably to do particular monotonous activities without variety and with a greatly high level of precision. These activities are dictated by customized schedules that indicate the heading, speeding up, speed, deceleration, and separation of a progression of composed movements. Some of the time they imitate the movements of people precisely, and different times they enhance it, moving speedier, even more unequivocally, or more easily than people do. Some mechanical robots have expanded adaptability in regards to the situating and introduction of the question on which they are working, or even the general assignment that must be performed (Ahmad et al., 2013). Mechanical robots frequently utilize exact direction; many contain machine vision sub-frameworks connected to effective PCs or controllers. Counterfeit consciousness, which is still seen as sci-fi, is really turning into an undeniably critical consider the cutting edge, more versatile mechanical robot. Mechanical Truck Association President, Jeff Rufener, predicts that by 2025, completely computerized and guided forklifts will represent half of modern deals. As indicated by Yang et al. (2015), in a presentation on robots in assembling, more than 90% of all robots utilized today are found as a part of processing plants. These robots are alluded to as the traditional mechanical robots. Ten years prior, the vast majority of robots were obtained via car organizations. Today, half of robots made are utilized via auto producers. Robots have made tremendous walks into distribution centers, labs, vitality plants, and healing centers. Robots are utilized to collect items, handle unsafe materials, weld metal, shower completes, review parts, manufacture segments, help with working rooms, and even oversee domesticated animals. Robots are utilized for cutting, cleaning, and additionally welding. The extension and scope of robots and use will proceed to develop and grow. Acceptance of this truth depends on grasping inescapable change. Impact of using robotic technology on profitability in Automotive Industry Most car assembling happens in substantial rural processing plants with robotized innovation worked via autoworkers. This innovation permits specialists to take high-ability undertakings and leave manual operations to mechanized hardware. Robots can lift heavier items than people can, pushing get together to wind up more proficient. Economies of scale decrease settled expenses for automakers and bolster worldwide interest for new autos. Mechanical autonomy have turned out to be progressively essential to keeping up the supply chains of car parts, materials and automaker organizations (Pellicciari et al., 2013). Some carmakers coordinate the utilization of distributed computing advancements into generation, empowering better remote controls of mechanical innovation and enhancing correspondences with computerized hardware. As laborers figure out how to program and adjust robots, new uses are connected on the plant floor for existing innovation. Automakers keep on adopting mechanized in novation to enhance creation at the production line level. Of all the mechanical innovation utilized as a part of processing plants, about half is in car creation. Computerized innovation utilize has extended immensely as purchaser request has expanded the requirement for more vehicles. Mechanical technology diminish work costs on a for each auto premise, expanding the benefit potential for every item (Hunt, 2012). Computerized frameworks permit vehicle organizations to create distinctive models of autos in the meantime and increment the quantity of items delivered inside little generation runs. With talented work deficiencies regular in the car business, more organizations are obtaining robots to help with expanded customer spending. Conclusion In conclusions, it can be said that there is no confirmation of a negative effect of robots on total business; it has been seen that a more nuanced picture when we break employments and the wage cost around aptitude bunches. Robots seem to decrease the hours and the wage expenses of low-gifted specialists, and to lesser degree center talented laborers. They have no noteworthy impact on the work of high-gifted laborers. This example varies from the impact that late work has found for ICT, which appears to profit high-talented laborers to the detriment of center-gifted specialists. In further results, it has been found that modern robots expanded aggregate component profitability and wages. In the meantime, we locate no huge impact of robots on the work share. In synopsis, it has been found that mechanical robots made noteworthy commitments to work efficiency and total development, and expanded wages and aggregate variable profitability. References Ahmad, Z., Lu, S., Zoppi, M., Molfino, R. (2013, August). Conceptual design of flexible and reconfigurable gripper for automotive subassemblies. InProceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology(No. 80, p. 211). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET). Almassri, A. M., Wan Hasan, W. Z., Ahmad, S. A., Ishak, A. J., Ghazali, A. M., Talib, D. N., Wada, C. (2015). Pressure sensor: state of the art, design, and application for robotic hand.Journal of Sensors,2015. Angerer, S., Strassmair, C., Staehr, M., Roettenbacher, M., Robertson, N. M. (2012, April). Give me a handThe potential of mobile assistive robots in automotive logistics and assembly applications. In2012 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications (TePRA)(pp. 111-116). IEEE. Bock, T., Linner, T. (2015).Robot Oriented Design. Cambridge University Press. Brossog, M., Bornschlegl, M., Franke, J. (2015). Reducing the energy consumption of industrial robots in manufacturing systems.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,78(5-8), 1315-1328. Dhillon, B. S. (2012).Robot reliability and safety. Springer Science Business Media. Engelberger, J. F. (2012).Robotics in practice: management and applications of industrial robots. Springer Science Business Media. Fernandez, G. C., Gutierrez, S. M., Ruiz, E. S., Perez, F. M., Gil, M. C. (2012). Robotics, the new industrial revolution.IEEE Technology and Society Magazine,31(2), 51-58. Graetz, G., Michaels, G. (2015). Robots at work. Hunt, V. D. (2012).Understanding robotics. Elsevier. Kovcs, A. (2013). Task sequencing for remote laser welding in the automotive industry. Meike, D., Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G. (2014). Energy efficient use of multirobot production lines in the automotive industry: Detailed system modeling and optimization.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,11(3), 798-809. Meike, D., Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G., Vergnano, A., Ribickis, L. (2012, August). Increasing the energy efficiency of multi-robot production lines in the automotive industry. In2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)(pp. 700-705). IEEE. Miller, R. K. (2013).Industrial robot handbook. Springer Science Business Media. Pellicciari, M., Berselli, G., Leali, F., Vergnano, A. (2013). A method for reducing the energy consumption of pick-and-place industrial robots.Mechatronics,23(3), 326-334. Poole, H. H. (2012).Fundamentals of robotics engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Shimokawa, K., Jrgens, U., Fujimoto, T. (Eds.). (2012).Transforming automobile assembly: experience in automation and work organization. Springer Science Business Media. Yang, S. S., Ngiam, H. Y., Ong, S. K., Nee, A. Y. C. (2015). The impact of automotive product remanufacturing on environmental performance.Procedia CIRP,29, 774-779.

Malcolm Hendrix Essays (695 words) - Film, , Term Papers

Malcolm Hendrix The year was 1925, and someone special was born. His birth name was Malcolm Little, however there were big things in store for this child. Born in Omaha, Nebraska. The seventh of eleven children born to Earl Little, an organizer for Marcus Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement (Compton's encyclopedia online). At age six Malcolm's father was murdered. As a result his mother later suffered a nervous breakdown, and the family was separated by welfare agencies (Compton's encyclopedia online). Later in life he would blame these same agencies for destroying his family. He was bounced around from boardinghouses and schools, and dreamed of becoming a lawyer only to be discouraged by his teachers. After leaving school, in the eighth grade, he lived with a relative in Boston, Mass. He shined shoes, worked in a restaurant and on a railroad kitchen crew. In 1942 he moved to a section in New York called Harlem. Where he lived as a hustler, cheating people to make money for himself. He also sold drugs and became a drug addict himself. A rival drug dealer named "West Indian Archie" ran him out of New York. And he ended up back in Boston. Where he started a burglary ring, which consisted of friend named Shorty, a pretty boy type of fellow named Rudy, a woman that Malcolm dealt with named Sophia and one of her friends (Alex Haley 168). He soon found out that crime does not pay, when he soon got arrested and stolen items were found in his possession. The Negroes of that group was sentenced to eight years, while the whites of the group were sentenced to only two. This put an image in Malcolm's head on how the justice system was ran. While in prison. Malcolm was well known to the guards. One time he was asked to state his number, but instead he said he forgot his number. The guards beat him and sent him to the "darkroom". In the darkroom he met Brother Bains. Bains was a man everyone respected including guards. He was known as a real man and gave speeches about Islam. Malcolm did not listen at first; however it didn't take him long to listen to the words of black empowerment, spoken by brother Bains. The black Muslims prediction that in the near future a great war would take place in which whites would be destroyed and black people would rule the world through the power of Allah, their creator. To prepare for this Brother Bains preached, the importance of self-restraint, opposed the use of drugs and alcohol, and organized self-help groups. Malcolm Little was converted to this faith. Instead of wasting his time in prison getting into more trouble, he begins to read and broaden his thoughts. As he did this, his mind opens up to knowledge. He also tried to improve in other areas such as appearance and speech. He decided not to associate himself with former friends he got in trouble with, and formed new friendships with people of the same faith. He left prison Malcolm X. An image popped into my head while reading"the Autobiography of Malcolm X"(Alex Haley 231). The image of a strong man standing in the middle of stage giving a speech. The year is 1953. At the height of racial tension, the city is Detroit. Malcolm X is giving a speech after a run in with FBI agents concerning the nation of Islam's practices, and how their message was being used. He stands on the pulpit, and delivers a message. "We didn't land on Plymouth rock, my brothers Plymouth Rock landed on us!" It's a clear message to his followers. If you want to succeed, first get from under that rock. He insisted that "black is beautiful," and that African Americans must take control of their own destiny. As Malcolm was giving a speech at the autobahn in New York City. Three men gunned him down, in cold blood, in front of his wife and children. At the end of Malcolm's life. He was a changed man, a man no longer involved with racism although he had a large following he saw an even larger picture. He saw a world where people of all colors and religions could help one another instead of fight one another. His most enduring messages are one of black pride and self-respect, combined with his uncompromising rejection of racism.

The Basic Guide to Integers on SAT Math

The Basic Guide to Integers on SAT Math SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many SAT math questions involve the use of integers, especially in the early and middle ranges of each math section. This means that integers are a foundational element to SAT math and you should have a solid understanding of what integers are and how they work if you want to do well on the SAT math section. This guide will cover the basics of integers- what they are, how they relate to one another, and how you’ll see them on the test. For the more advanced integer concepts (including prime numbers, absolute values, exponents, and roots), check out our advanced guide to SAT integers. What is an Integer? An integer is a whole number. This means an integer is any number that is NOT expressed via a decimal or a fraction. Integers include all negative whole numbers, all positive whole numbers, and zero. Examples of Integers: -55, -2, 0, 14, 10,699 NOT integers: $Ï€$, $2/3$, 0.787 Think of integers as something you cannot split. For example, you cannot have half a marble in a box (unless you are either very strong or very careless). Positive and Negative Integers A number line is used to demonstrate how numbers relate to each other and to zero. All numbers to the right of zero are positive numbers. All numbers to the left of zero are negative numbers. Positive numbers get larger the farther they are from zero For example, 154 is larger than 12 because 154 is farther away from zero along the number line in a positive direction (to the right). Negative numbers get smaller the farther away they are from zero For example, -154 is smaller than -12 because -154 is a farther away from zero along the number line in a negative direction (to the left). A positive number is always larger than any negative number. For example, 1 is larger than -1,109. Typical Integer Questions on SAT Math Most SAT integer questions are a combination of word problem and equation problem. The test makers will tell you that the problem involves integers by explicitly using the word "integer" in the passage. You will then be asked to solve a given equation or identify whether or not certain equations are true. You must know that an integer means a whole number (and that integers include negative numbers and zero) to solve these problems. We will go through the rules of how integers behave with one another in order to make sense of these kinds of questions. Sometimes you’ll have to answer more abstract questions about how integers relate to one another when you add, subtract, multiply and divide them. You do not need to find a numerical answer for these types of questions, but you must instead identify whether certain equations will be even or odd, positive or negative. If $a$ is an odd integer and $b$ is an even integer, which of the following is an odd integer? A) $3b$B) $a+3$C) $2(a+b)$D) $a+2b$E) $2a+b$ There are two ways to go about solving these kinds of questions- you can either memorize how integers interact, or you can plug in your own sample numbers. For example, in the charts below, you'll see that: $\a\positive\number * \a\positive\number$ will always result in a positive number. If you forget this rule, you can always try it by saying $2 * 3 = 6$. Because you can always find these results by plugging in your own numbers, these rules are categorized as "good to know," not "necessary to know." negative * negative = positive $-2 * -3 = 6$ positive * positive = positive $2 * 3 = 6$ negative * positive = negative $-2 * 3 = -6$ Another way to think of this is, "When multiplying numbers, the result is always positive unless you’re multiplying a positive number and a negative number." odd * odd = odd $3 * 5 = 15$ even * even = even $2 * 4 = 8$ odd * even = even $3 * 4 = 12$ Another way to think of this is, "When multiplying numbers, the result is always even unless multiplying an odd number and an odd number." odd +/- odd = even $5 + 7 = 12$ even +/- even = even $10 - 6 = 4$ odd +/- even = odd $5 + 6 = 11$ Another way to think of this is, "When adding or subtracting numbers, the result is always even unless adding or subtracting an odd number and an even number." By understanding these rules (and/or by testing them out using your own numbers), you will be able to answer more complicated theoretical questions. Why is six afraid of seven? Because 7, 8, 9! Hardy-har-har. If we revisit the question above, knowing what we do now about number relationships, we can go through our answer choices to find the correct answer: If $a$ is an odd integer and $b$ is an even integer, which of the following is an odd integer? A) $3b$B) $a+3$C) $2(a+b)$D) $a+2b$E) $2a+b$ Choice A is incorrect, because $b$is an even integer. And we know that an even number * an odd number = an even number. Choice B is incorrect because $a$is an odd integer. And we know that an odd number + an odd number = an even number. Choice C is incorrect because $a$is an odd integer and $b$is an even integer. An even number + an odd number = an odd number. And an odd number * an even number (in this case 2) = an even number. Choice D is correct. Twice $b$ will be even, because an even number * an even number = an even number. And the final result will be odd because an odd number ($a$) + an even number ($2b$) = an odd number. Choice E is incorrect. Twice an odd number ($a$) will be an even number, because an even number * an odd number = an even number. And an even number + an even number = an even number. So your final answer is D, $a + 2b$. You can see how you could also solve this by double-checking these rules by using your own numbers. If you assign an odd number to $a$ and an even number to $b$, you can test out each option in about the same amount of time it would take you to go through your rules like this. So for this question, you could have said $a$ was 3 and $b$ was 4. Then option D would have looked like this: $3 + 2(4) = 11$ Again, because you can figure out these kinds of questions using real numbers, these rules are classified as "good to know," not "necessary to know." So let's look at how to put all the clues together to solve integer questions. Steps to Solving an SAT Math Integer Problem #1: Identify if the problem is, in fact, an integer problem. The SAT will always explicitly use the word "integer" to let you know if your answer must be in integers or if you can only use integers while solving the problem. For any problem that doesn’t specify that the variables (or the solution) are "integers," your answer or example numbers can be in decimals or fractions. Because the problem specifically uses the word "integer," we know we must only work with whole numbers. #2: If the problem asks you to identify equations that are always true, test out multiple different kinds of integers. If the question asks you to identify whether certain equations or inequalities are true for ALL integers, the equation must work equally with 10 as with 0 and -5. A good rule of thumb is to try -1, 0, and 1 with variable questions like these. These numbers often have special properties that make or break conditions. I'll explain what that means with a practice example. If $x$is an integer, which of the following equations MUST be true? I. $x^3 ≠¥ (-x)^3$ II. $x^3/x ≠¥ x^2/x$ III. $x(x + 1) ≠¤ -x + x^3$ A) I onlyB) II onlyC) III onlyD) I and III onlyE) I, II, and III For questions like these, we should test out our sample numbers, as it can get confusing to use our rules of integer behaviors with complex problems such as these. So for option I, let use our test numbers of -1, 0, and 1. $-1^3 = (-1)(-1)(-1) = -1$ $(1)^3$ = $1^3 = (1)(1)(1) = 1$ -1 is NOT greater than +1. This automatically eliminates option I. And by eliminating option I, we can eliminate answer choices A, D, and E right away. Now let's look at choice II with our same test numbers. ${(-1)^3}/{-1} = {(-1)(-1)(-1)}/{-1} = {-1}/{-1} = 1$ ${(-1)^2}/{-1} = {(-1)(-1)}/{-1} = {1}/{-1} = -1$ 1 -1. This means that option II works so far when we use a negative number. So let's try it with our positive number, 1. $1^3/1 = {(1)(1)(1)}/1 = 1/1 = 1$ $1^2/1 = {(1)(1)}/ 1 = 1/1 = 1$ 1 = 1. So option II still works. Lastly, we should test if the equation still works with 0. $0^3/0 = 0$ $0^2/0 = 0$ Option II works for all answer choices, so our final answer is B, II only. Because we know that option I does not work, we have eliminated all other answer choices. But if you want to make absolutely sure you did not make a mistake somewhere, you can test out option III as well. $-1(-1 + 1) = 0$ $-(-1) + (-1)^3 = 1 + (-1)(-1)(-1) = 1 + -1 = 0$ $0 = 0$ The two are equal, which means that option III works so far. Now let's try it with 1. $1(1 + 1) = 2$ $-1 + 1^3 = -1 + (1)(1)(1) = -1 + 1 = 0$ $2 0$ When we used a positive number, the equation was incorrect. This means that answer choice C is eliminated and our choice of B has been confirmed to be the only correct answer. #3: If the problem asks you to find the answer to long calculations, use your rules that you learned above or test it out with smaller numbers. $a, b, c, d, e, f$ are odd integers such that $a b c d e f$. Which statement(s) must be true? I. $abcdef$ is odd II. $a + b + c + d + e + f$ is odd III. $a(b + c + d + e + f)$ is odd A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III only E. I, II, and III Now you can approach this problem in one of two ways: by using your number rules or by using your own numbers. First, let's use our number rules to test option I. We know that each letter represents an odd integer and that the product of an odd number and another odd number is an odd number. Because an odd * an odd will always be odd, we know that option I is true. This means we can also eliminate answer choices B and C. Now let's look at option II. We know that an odd number + an odd number = an even number. We also know that an even number + an even number = an even number. So if we split $a + b + c + d + e + f$ into pairs of numbers, we'll have $(a + b) + (c + d) + (e + f)$. We know that each pair of numbers will have an even sum, so we're left with: an even number + an even number + an even number, which will give us an even final result. So option II is incorrect. This means we can eliminate answer choice E. Finally, let's look at option III. As we saw before, when we have six odd numbers (in other words, an even number of odd numbers), the sum will be even. Now, our parenthesis holds five (an odd number) of odd numbers, and an even number + an odd number = an odd number. So we know the number in the parenthesis will be odd. We also know that an odd number ($a$) * an odd number (the sum of $b, c, d, e, f$) = an odd number. So option III is correct. This means that our final answer is D, I and III only. The other way you could solve this problem would be to test out these rules with small numbers and extrapolate to find the larger answer. In other words, use small numbers in place of the variables. So for option I, if you didn't know an odd * an odd = an odd, you could replace $a$and $b$with the numbers 5 and 3. $5 * 3 = 15$, so you know that an odd * an odd = an odd number, no matter how many times you multiply it. So option I is correct. For option II, again test it out with smaller numbers. $7 + 5 = 12$, and $7 + 5 + 3 = 15$. So you know that adding odd numbers an even number of times gets you an even answer and adding odd numbers an odd number of times gets you an odd answer. There are six odd numbers, so the final answer must be even. Option II is incorrect. Taking what you learned by testing option II, you know that adding odd numbers an even number of times gets you an odd answer. And, taking what you learned from testing option I, you know that an odd number * an odd number = an odd number. This means your final answer must be odd, so option III is correct. This means the final answer is D, I and III only. Always remember that there are several ways to solve integer problems. So use real numbers and don't give up if it looks too complicated. The Take-Aways Simply by understanding what an integer is, you will be able to solve many SAT questions. Integer questions are often fairly straightforward if you know what numbers are included in the definition of an "integer" and which are not. If you remember to experiment with your own numbers when presented with the more abstract SAT questions and pay attention to when you must use integers and when you’re free to use any number, you will be able to solve most of the basic SAT integer questions. For the more advanced integer concepts- absolute values, exponents, etc.- be sure to check out our advanced guide to SAT integers. What's Next? Now that you’ve learned about what integers are, you may want to check out the advanced guide to SAT integers where we will go through absolute values, prime numbers, and exponents (among other concepts). Make sure that you also have a solid understanding of all the SAT math formulas you're both given and not given. Running out of time on SAT math? Check out our article on how to buy yourself those extra precious seconds and minutes and complete your SAT math problems before time’s up. Feeling overwhelmed? Start by figuring out your ideal score and check out how to improve a low SAT math score. Already have pretty good scores and looking to get a perfect 800? Check out our article on how to get a perfect score written by a perfect SAT-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Romantic Shakespeare Quotes

Romantic Shakespeare Quotes William Shakespeare was considered a true romantic. He portrayed love as a heady mix of passion, aggression, despair, and determination. There are amorous love scenes in many of his plays. If you are a romantic, too, you will appreciate the intensity of these Shakespeare quotes. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene II I am too bold, tis not to me she speaks:Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,Having some business, do entreat her eyesTo twinkle in their spheres till they return.What if her eyes were there, they in her head?The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night.See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O, that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek! Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene II Then plainly know my hearts dear love is setOn the fair daughter of rich Capulet:As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine;And all combined, save what thou must combineBy holy marriage: when and where and howWe met, we wood and made exchange of vow,Ill tell thee as we pass; but this I pray,That thou consent to marry us to-day. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene 3 I pray thee, chide not; she whom I love nowDoth grace for grace and love for love allow;The other did not so. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene 3 O, she knew wellThy love did read by rote, that could not spell.But come, young waverer, come go with me,In one respect Ill thy assistant be;For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households rancour to pure love. The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act I, Sc. III O, how this spring of love resemblethThe uncertain glory of an April day! Twelfth Night, Act III, Sc. I Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. Twelfth Night, Act II, Sc. III Journeys end in lovers meeting,Every wise mans son doth know. Twelfth Night, Act I, Scene 1 O spirit of love, how quick and fresh art thou!That, notwithstanding thy capacityReceiveth as the sea, nought enters there,Of what validity and pitch soever,But falls into abatement and low priceEven in a minute! so full of shapes is fancy,That it alone is high-fantastical. As You  Like It No sooner met but they looked; No sooner looked but they loved;No sooner loved but they sighed;No sooner signed but they asked one another the reason;No sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy;And in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to marriage... Much Ado about Nothing, Act IV, Sc. I I never tempted her with word too large,But, as a brother to his sister, showdBashful sincerity and comely love. Othello, Act II, Sc. III Cassio, I love thee;But never more be officer of mine. Othello, Act III, Sc. III But, O, what damned minutes tells he oerWho dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves! Othello, Act III, Sc. III Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul,But I do love thee! and when I love thee not,Chaos is come again. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Sc. II Good night, good night! parting is such sweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene II My bounty is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep; the more I give to thee, the more I have, for both are infinite. Romeo and Juliet, Act I, Sc. V My only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late! A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act I, Sc. I Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Antony and Cleopatra, Act I, Sc. I Theres beggary in the love that can be reckond. As You Like It, Act II, Sc. V Under the greenwood treeWho loves to lie with me. As You Like It, Act IV, Sc. I Men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love. As You Like It, Act V, Sc. II No sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy. Hamlet, Act II, Sc. I This is the very ecstasy of love. Hamlet, Act II, Sc. II Doubt thou the stars are fire;Doubt that the sun doth move;Doubt truth to be a liar;But never doubt I love. Julius Caesar, Act III, Sc. I Though last, not least in love. A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act I, Sc. I Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Antony and Cleopatra, Act I, Sc. I Theres beggary in the love that can be reckond. As You Like It, Act II, Sc. V Under the greenwood treeWho loves to lie with me. As You Like It, Act IV, Sc. I Men have died from time to time, and worms have eaten them, but not for love. As You Like It, Act V, Sc. II No sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy. Hamlet, Act II, Sc. I This is the very ecstasy of love. Hamlet, Act II, Sc. II Doubt thou the stars are fire; Doubt that the sun doth move;Doubt truth to be a liar;But never doubt I love. Julius Caesar, Act III, Sc. I Though last, not least in love.

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology - Essay Example Ortner declares inferiority of women at social scale as the outcome of her biological and physical composition, which not only deprives her of respect equivalent to men, but also are assigned quite different duties, obligations and responsibilities in the light of their innate physical qualities. Hence, it is nature to assign divergent responsibilities to both the genders on the basis of their mental and physical characteristics. Ortner also finds females closer to nature than males because of their tendencies, inclinations and apparent traits. The theory has been topic of discussion since it was first presented in 1972. Though the present paper also views males closer to nature in many aspects, yet it partially agrees with the notion that females have same connection with males as the nature maintains with the cultural attributes prevailing within a society. Ortner declares division of labour as the outcome of biological features of humans. In other words, nature of man’s wor k, activities, attitude, behaviour and career selection are directly dependent of his innate aptitude, physical strength, mental capabilities and gender. Consequently, man’s abilities to dominate over others also seek roots in his natural competence and inborn gifted faculties.

The Stagnation of Content in the Making of Movies Essay

The Stagnation of Content in the Making of Movies - Essay Example While some of these films are successful, others are box office failures. Motives for releasing a remake runs the gamut of saving money, exploiting a popular plot or theme, or capitalizing on the current cultural trends. However, they saturate the movie market and drown the public in a stagnant pool of rehashed content. We, as a society, need to break outside our own self-inflicted monotony, and let our imagination run rampant once again, or else our society may forever be caught in the endless miasma of mediocre entertainment, and with it, our future forced into dull drudgery. The propensity of the Hollywood studios to remake a foreign film is exemplified with the cashing in on the pop culture's current cult buzz. A prime example of this phenomenon is the Japanese movie The Ring (1998), which is one of the most horrifying and the highest grossing films ever to be released in Japan. Its success spawned a series of remakes such as in Korea as The Ring Virus (1999) and in the United States as The Ring (2002). The studios did not have to take the risk of inventing new characters, setting, or plot. They simply moved forward on a tried and true formula that had previously been successful. ... The studio's attempt to save money by reproducing more of the same actually resulted in heavy losses. While the original Ring grossed $129 million, the sequel The Ring Two pulled in a paltry final figure of $75 million in the United States ("Japanese Horror Remake"). This is evidence that the viewing public can get tired of their fond memories, as movie producers fail to deliver on their promises of enhancing and tastefully paying homage to the previous films by taking short cuts and recycling old ideas. Watching a well-made film repeatedly may be far more enjoyable than seeing it repackaged with unfamiliar actors and different production values. A good example of this is the Hitchcock film Psycho (1960). This film is so tense and well crafted that the remake has had great difficulty in living up to its expectations. When a remake is released, the public and the critics will naturally compare it to the original version. The critics at Moviefone called Invasion (2007), Nicole Kidman's remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), "ridiculous, overwrought ... and worst of all, boring" ("Worst Movie Remakes of all Time"). Other films such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, House of Wax, and the planned Evil Dead suffer from the audience's high standards when comparing then to the original. The financial effort to save money on a remake almost assures the public that they will see nothing new, and probably the best they can hope for is some enhanced technology in the special effects. The remake of the highly acclaimed Alfie (1966) was remade starring Jude Law, and was panned by critics as, "a hollow, cynical shell of the charming

Introduction to Routing and Switching Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Routing and Switching Essay 1. Introduction – Computer Network A computer network is a setup which comprises of multiple computers and devices to create connection in order to support the communication of all such devices. This facilitates sharing of information and resources to all the users present in the network. The following are the main purposes that the network provides to its users:  · Communication- networks allow free flow of communication among all the users. These include chat, messages, emails, conferences, etc.  · Sharing of Resources – Resources can be shared among all the users within a network. These include: o Hardware The different computers in a network can also make use of a single hardware attached to the network. Consider the example of a shared printer attached to multiple devices in the network like in case of a university or office environment. o Software- Network also allows users to share software application programs through their computers o Files and other data – Files and data can be shared among systems in a network environment through authorized access. This helps members to work and submit tasks on the same domain and within deadlines, thus saving from hassles. 2. The Open Systems Interconnection OSI Model The hardware components of the network operate at the layers of the OSI model which are briefly discussed below: Physical layer This is concerned with the functions that carry a stream of bits over a physical medium at the mechanical and electrical level. Hubs and Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model. Data link Layer This layer categorizes data from network layer (upper layer) into frames and handles errors of the physical layer to provide to the network layer. The Bridges operate at the Data link layer of the OSI Model. Network Layer The delivery of the packet is the responsibility of the network layer which can include multiple links. Network layer can be used in cases of multiple networks where there are some links between the networks. Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI model. Transport Layer The transport layer is also responsible for delivery of packets but it also recognizes relationship between messages. This is done in proper order and the layer also ensures control of error and flow at the source as well as the destination. Session Layer This layer controls dialog and synchronizes interaction within the network. Presentation Layer This layer is also one of the most important layers as it is looks into the syntax and semantics of the data being transferred within the network. Application Layer This layer involves interfaces and other supporting frames for the user to access the network. 3. Hardware Components within a Network The following re the basic hardware components within a network to interconnect devices (Sosinsky 33): 3.1 Network Interface Cards (NICs) These are the components used to connect to another networking medium. The NIC has a unique identification number known as Media Access Control address (MAC address) that is provided by the manufacturer. 3.2 Repeaters Repeater is a device used to transmit signals after cleaning them by regenerating the original bit pattern. 3.3 Hubs Hub connects multiple devices in the network so that they appear as a single device, therefore, it has multiple ports. 3.4 Bridges These are also hardware components that connect multiple segments of the network. 4. Network Hardware Components – Routers and Switches Routers and switches are important components of the computer network that support the above mentioned purpose of a network. These are discussed in details as under: 4.1 Routers Router is a software or device that helps in transmitting data between users in a predefined manner, thus helping in serving the purpose of the network. The data is in the form of packets that travels along the network, where the routers process the data present in the packet. In many cases there is a pre-defined forwarding or routing table used to direct the information to the appropriate destination (Beasley 62). The main tasks of the routers include:  · Ensures information forwarding to the required destination  · Keeps track and avoids information from reaching where not needed 4.1.1 Characteristics The following are the characteristics of Routers:  · The routers correspond to internet Protocols such as the internet Protocol, internet Control message Protocol, etc.  · Provides interfaces between the packet networks through the required functions  · Sends and receives datagrams  · Chooses destination for the datagram according to the routing database  · Provides support facilities for network management which includes status and exception reporting, debugging, etc. 4.1.2 Routing Routing is the process of sharing information by connecting networks and translating protocols between them. It functions at the network layer of the OSI model, acquiring addresses from the IP header of the layer to get the sources and destination. Here the Routing Protocols are used. Routers also use the routing tables to decide the destination of the packets. The routing tables include:  · Address information  · Connection Priorities  · Traffic Rules Routing differs in its delivery schemes which include the following:  · Delivery to a single node (unicast) where the node is predefined.  · Delivery to multiple specified nodes (multicast)  · Delivery to all the nodes that are part of the network (Broadcast)

Mothers :: essays research papers

Mothers make better parents then fathers Ladies and gentlemen the subject under discussion today is that mothers make better parents then fathers. I firmly counter the motion. Honorable judges I would like to point out that my identity is by my father and even this gentlemen sitting here has his last name after his father’s. for that matter nobody here is recognized by their mother;s name. It is our fathers who become a source of distinction for us in this world. It is only after their name is added to ours that we can make a footing in society. This notion even becomes more important in male dominated societies like India, Pakistan and China etc. the father’s name also acts as a shield for girls in particular who are given no respect otherwise in such societies. Furthermore, what does a child need to grow up? , food , clothing, shelter, education and protection. Therefore the parent who is able to provide these bare necessities will be considered as the better parent. In most of the families the father is the one who works and provides a source of income for the family. indeed the mother’s emotional involvment with the child is imperative in his upbringing , but we need to be REALISTIC HERE. For we know that love can not provide a meal twice a day. sharing secrets will by no means provide a substitute for what can be learnt at school. yes care is important but if there is no house to take care off then how will the mother keep her children cosy in the winters. Thus the father once again comes in the picture as the hero. Moreover, I being a boy myself feel that they are certain matters that I cannot handle without my father. For example with issues relating to puberty, we can discuss things openly without any hesitation. also my mother will have no interst in flying kites with me or playing cricket. It is my father whom I can count on for such activities. If I have a fight with someone I know my father with his strong muscular body can come to my rescue. Inaddition to this The command of the father makes a stronger impact on the child as compared to that of the mother. They are mentally stronger unlike mothers who are likely to yield to emotional pressure and this may result in them agreeing to demands of the child that should not be fulfilled under normal circumstances.

Elephant

Elephant was a movie based on an average high school In the last ten years, showing the experiences, different emotions and actions students have. While this movie In the end focuses on two boys, we see many different students throughout the movie and their part In high school. Even though this Is to be based on an average high school, I believe at times they showed an unrealistic portrayal on students and teachers with some of their actions in this movie.Not far into the movie they show a cone of girls in gym class, all wearing shorts outside except one, Michelle. Which is nothing wrong with that, but what happens is the teachers makes a comment on her wearing sweats, telling her she needs to Join the rest of the girls, by wearing shorts. Otherwise, by her not following these instructions, it would lead to a drop in her marks. Michelle to me seems like an insecure girl, not wanting to show her body off.And no school I feel would make girls who are insecure about their body have to f eel uncomfortable by wearing shorts, Just because every other girl in class was confident and wears shorts. I also found this movie made students look stupid, making them so oblivious to what was happening around them. As the two boys enter the school, stalking around the halls with those massive guns In their hands, you see not one student scream or even notice what was happening.Especially in the library which was full of kids, one of the boys marched right in, gun in the air, and it takes for him o actually shoot it after awhile for anyone to scream or run. Not to mention how as the shooting starts, students weren't even running out of the school. In so many of the scenes when you see students running away they completely ignore the doors as if they weren't even there. They Just run past or go up the stairs. No student would actually choose to run up a couple flights of stairs then to just run outside, getting away from this tragedy.

Resembling peace Essay

In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad the author condemns the colonization of the Europeans on the African islands of Congo, eminently focusing on the barbarous and inhumane treatment of the natives. In this passage though, the central character Marlow narrates to the other men on his ship about his perspective of the experience he had when he went up the river Congo passing through the wild jungle in order to reach the inner station. The tone throughout the passage suggests a negative connotation of the wilderness of Congo because of the choice of words Marlow uses to describe the jungle. Phrases such as â€Å"unrestful† and the â€Å"noisy world of plants† portraits the jungle as being quite sinister instead of peaceful and quiet as the readers would expect it to be. This passage is a composition of similes, allegory, symbolism, dark and light contrast and hyperbole which Marlow uses abundantly to describe his journey. Marlow compares going up the river as being â€Å"like traveling back to the earliest beginning of the world. â€Å"(1) He uses a simile to describe the jungle as being how the world was earlier before the technology and civilization was born, when the world was pure as it was when it was created by nature. But then he continues the remark by saying â€Å"when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings. † Marlow paints this picture as the wilderness having the ability to fight against each other and when there was power between the trees. He uses the word â€Å"king† to describe the variation of power between the trees much like how the Europeans were being superior by trying to civilize the natives through brutal means. Marlow adds to the description of the jungle as having â€Å"a great silence. â€Å"(2) The phrase â€Å"silence† is inserted in his description to give a contrast of what’s happening inside the jungle. Inside the jungle, in the inner station, it has been said that Kurtz uses unconventional â€Å"methods† to obtain the ivory he makes. This suggests that Kurtz is probably using violence or manipulations which are contrasts of â€Å"silence. † More ever, as Marlow’s journey proceeds further and further into the jungle and closer to the inner station, Marlow’s streamer gets attacked by the natives. Moments before they are being attacked, Marlow describes to have heard â€Å"voices† crying wildly coming from the jungle. The diction â€Å"silence† not only is a contrast of what is happening inside the jungle, it is also a contrast of a future scene where they are being attacked. Marlow further describes the river as being facile to get lost in â€Å"as you would in a desert. † This phrase shows that Marlow is confused as to his purpose in this voyage, why he wanted to come on this journey and what he was expecting to find. This phrase also indicates that Marlow perceives the river to be mysterious and that is one of the qualities of the river that urge him to continue his journey because of his curiousness. Later in the passage, Marlow indicates that the river as â€Å"this stillness of life which did not in the least resemble peace. â€Å"(9) This description of the river as not â€Å"resembling peace† connects directly to the journey that Marlow has been traveling in. Ever since Marlow decided to come on this voyage, he has been uncertain as to whom he really is and what he wants to do or what need to be done. Marlow has strong opinions about the Europeans as being â€Å"fools,† â€Å"devils,† and â€Å"folly,† for not knowing what they are doing. Not for being racists or discrimination of the natives as they are being tied up and worked to death. Marlow considers him self as being â€Å"not especially tender† towards the Africans which contradicts to what he has been saying all along through out the novel as African’s as not being our â€Å"enemies. † This passage describes the wildness and the sinister appeal of the river and the wilderness which is a comparison to the mind of Marlow. Inside his head, Marlow is confused, â€Å"unrestful,† and â€Å"not in the least resembling peace. † This journey takes Marlow to the places he has never been before in order to find himself inside.

7 Essential Details to Include in Your Research Proposal

7 Essential Details to Include in Your Research Proposal 7 Essential Details to Include in Your Research Proposal What’s that? You’re planning to study a PhD and you have a great idea for some groundbreaking research in the field of [insert subject of choice here]? But you’re not sure what to include in your research proposal? Well, you’ve come to the right place! In the following, we set out the seven essential elements of a research proposal. 1. Title Are we stating the obvious by saying you need a working title? Maybe. The point is that your title should be clear but memorable, quickly telling your reader what your research is about. 2. Introduction Every research proposal should begin by introducing the subject area and the specific problem your research will address. This sets the tone for the rest of your proposal and is therefore your only opportunity to make a good first impression, so make sure it’s well organized and informative. 3. Literature Review A research proposal doesn’t usually include a full literature review, but you should provide an overview of key studies in your field. Doing this supplies the reader with vital background information, helping them understand how your study will add to existing research. Following in the footsteps of Ben Franklin, my study will involve tying stuff to kites and angering Zeus. 4. Aims and Objectives Once you’ve established your research problem, your proposal should outline a set of aims and objectives. The distinction here is as follows: Your research aim is the broad expected outcome of the study and what you hope the research will achieve overall; Your research objectives are narrower and more focused, with each one detailing how you will meet the overall study aims. If required, you should also state the hypotheses your research will test. 5. Methodology Make sure to identify the methods you intend to use in the study, especially if you’re conducting experimental research. This will include things like whether you’re using a qualitative or quantitative approach, equipment, ethical concerns, and sampling and analysis techniques. Try to be as descriptive as possible, which may include justifying why you’ve chosen to use certain methods over alternative options. I chose to use lasers because lasers are awesome, dude! Science Bro, shortly before a laser-related injury. 6. Scope of Research A common mistake when writing a PhD proposal is failing to consider the scope of the research. Remember that you’ll be working with limited time and resources, so your study should be something you can realistically complete within these constraints. The proposal should therefore include something about what your work will focus on and what it leaves unaddressed, as well as any limitations to the methods adopted. 7. Outline and Timetable Finally, a good research proposal will also include a chapter outline and a timetable. The chapter outline sets out how you intend to structure the final dissertation, noting what each section will cover and how it fits into your overall argument. The timetable, meanwhile, will set out a step-by-step plan of when you expect to finish each stage of your study, including everything from initial research to writing up your results. Try to be a bit more specific than this. Doing this shows that you’ve considered the practical side of conducting research, making your proposal more convincing as a result.

Data Collection for Discrete Trials

Data Collection for Discrete Trials Discrete trial teaching is the basic instructional technique used in Applied Behavior Analysis. Once a specific skill is identified and operationalized, there are several ways to record success. Since trials are generally multiple probes of since skills, when you collect data you want your data to reflect several things: Correct responses, Non-responses, Incorrect responses, and Prompted responses. Usually, a goal is written in a way to name what each response will look like: John will touch a letter from a field of three.When presented with a colored sorting bear, Belinda will correctly place it on a plate of the matching colorWhen presented with a set of counters from 1 to 5, Mark will correctly count the counters. When you use a discrete trial teaching approach, you may want to create a program to teach a skill. Clearly, you will want to be shaping the behavior/skill you are teaching, starting with the antecedent skills. I.e., if the skill you are teaching is recognizing colors, you will want to start with a benchmark that asks the child to distinguish between two colors, in other words, John, touch red, from a field of two (say, red and blue.) Your program could be called Color Recognition, and would probably expand to all the primary colors, the secondary colors and finally the secondary colors, white, black and brown. In each of these cases, the child is asked to complete a discrete task (therefore, discrete trials) and the observer can easily record whether their response was Correct, Incorrect, Non-Responsive, or whether the child needed to be Prompted. You may want to record what level of prompting was required: physical, oral or gestural. You can use a record sheet to record these and plan how you will fade prompting. A Free Printable Record Sheet Use this free printable record sheet  to record five days of the particular task. You certainly dont need to record every day the child is in your classroom, but by providing you with five days, this worksheet is a little more accessible for those of you would like to keep a sheet a week for data collection. There is a space next to each p on each column that you can use to record what kind of prompt if you are using this form not only to record your trial by trial but also to fade prompting. At the bottom is also a place to keep percents. This form provides 20 spaces: you certainly only need to use as many trials as your student usually can attend to. Some low functioning students may only successfully complete 5 or 6 of the tasks. 10 is of course optimal, because you can quickly create a percent, and ten is a fairly decent representation of a students skills. Sometimes, however, students will resist doing more than 5, and building up the number of successful responses may be one of your goals: they may otherwise stop responding or respond with anything to get you to leave them alone. There are spaces at the bottom of each column for next to write when you are expanding your field (say, from three to four) or adding more numbers or letters in letter recognition. There is also a place for notes: perhaps you know the child didnt sleep well the night before (a note from Mom) or he or she was really distracted: you may want to record that in the notes, so you give the program another shot the next day. Hopefully, this data sheet provides you the flexibility you need to successfully record your students work.

Monopoly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monopoly - Research Paper Example This paper will explore the various barriers to entry in a monopolistic market structure. Discussion The primary method of discouraging businesses to operate in a monopolistic market is to create deliberate entry barriers in the form of trade barriers. Market regulators may decide to discourage new business entry by placing restrictions on licenses, tariffs, currency movement and by providing existing businesses with subsidies. Typically, trade barriers are taken into consideration in terms of international trade only (Hans, Dahringer, & Leihs, 1999). Governments are known to create entry restrictions through licensing restrictions whereby new businesses are not issued licenses to operate inside the market. For example, the defense industry in the United States is highly protected by the government, as foreign operatives are not issued licenses to operate in the same market. In addition to these licensing restrictions, governments may choose to restrict import and export licenses in order to keep a monopolistic market intact. Legal entry barriers are analogous to trade barriers. Governments employ various forms of laws to ensure that new businesses are unable to enter the target market. ... or example, a number of Islamic countries discourage the production of alcoholic products in their borders by complicating the launch of new alcohol manufacturing businesses (Blinder, Baumol, & Gale, 2001). In addition to legal and trade barriers, another entry barrier employs technological and copyright methods. The presence of copyrights and trademarks related to certain products means that new businesses cannot enter business segments protected in this fashion. Typically, copyrights and trademarks are employed to protect businesses that are unique in terms of content such as music, books, films etc. However, copyrights and trademarks are also employed to protect other businesses where new entrants could emerge such as pharmaceuticals. If a pharmaceutical company owns a certain patent for medicine, then only that business can produce the subject medicine. Other businesses may also acquire the formula but cannot produce due to copyright and patent restrictions. Monopolies emerge in markets where resources are scarce and controlled by one or a select few businesses. Perhaps, the most telling example of such monopolies is the production of oil and gas in the Central Asian region. Oil and gas resources are scarce around the world and businesses are trying to shift to newer sources of oil and gas present in Central Asia. However, these resources are controlled by the local governments and existing businesses that do not allow new businesses to enter the market. The control of these scarce resources by a few select businesses means that the emerging market structure is a monopoly (Hirschey, 2000). In a similar manner, large sunk costs discourage new businesses from entering the market. Sunk costs represent investments that cannot be recovered in case the business has to

Immigration and Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Immigration and Employment - Essay Example (Castle & Miller, 2003) First it is important that we defined both terms as used, "cultural mosaic" is mostly used to refer to multiculturalism that is used to mean many diverse culture in a place or in an area where diverse culture relates together peacefully. the concept is used to contrast the melting pot term which is used to imply the "ingredients" in the pot which are people with diverse cultures melting together to fuse and form one identity. The two ideas are very different from each other, however the Canadian concept is seen as a more positive especially when it comes to employment and immigrants working in the country. (Castle & Miller, 2003) Canada is a country which is obviously multicultural due to many immigrants that have immigrated to the country over the years. Canada is well known all over the world for being among the most liberal, democratic and welcoming countries in the whole world. It's as a vibrant mosaic of diverse culture where different people resides and work together peaceful. It is estimated that 16% of the total Canadian population of 30 million are first-generation immigrants. The Canadian government is dedicated to a guiding principle of diversity which is designed to preserve and improve the diverse cultural heritage of the Canadians, whilst attempting to attain equality in the social, cultural political and economic issues of Canada. (Castle & Miller, 2003) The "melting pot" is designed to imply homogeneous society development where people with diverse cultural backgrounds are put together to create a multi-ethnic society. as Northrop Frye a literary philosopher observes, Canadian students have been conditioned from the early stage to think of themselves as citizen of a nation with uncertain identity, with a unclear past and a dangerous future on the other hand children in America are conditioned from very early stage to believe in themselves that they are citizens of a the greatest nation in the world. (Castle & Miller, 2003) Many people who have settled in Canada and America always have some kind of reference about the two countries. While those settled in the United States talk of the similarities they share those in Canada talk about the differences. Probably this is because of the in the United States people are expected to adopt to the culture in the United States while in Canada people are the Canadian respect and value the differences. Canada has always been a mosaic country, as explained by sociology historian Castle & Miller (2003) who termed Canada as "a vertical mosaic" and the mosaic term keeps being used because immigrants are encouraged to maintain their culture when in the country. Though both countries have a history of immigrants the two countries have had different policies towards same issues. In the beginning American believed in creating a nation which favoured unity and individual rights, where unity of the nation was more important than the diversity of individuals. While in Canada the country encouraged a system which was based on ethnic particularly with the emphasis of the French culture and French language. (Castle & Miller, 2003) Effects on employment As pertaining employment of immigrants in Canada which is a central social issue

The Labyrinth of Solitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Labyrinth of Solitude - Essay Example Paz turns spiritual to explain the desperate search for identity by the Mexicans thus: He urges the Mexican people to wake up from their dream state, know the ground realities, and act on in the world outside with the practical approach, without the feeling of self-pity of self-condemnation. In that state of inner concentration, he states that Mexicans will realize that they are a cosmic race freed from all sorts of negativities and confusion. That will be the beginning of real progress for the Mexicans. Octavio Paz tries to provide the national dimension to solitude, essentially a personal trait. Wit intelligent arguments the author proves his point that solitude can be a national characteristic, the trait of an entire culture or nation. He argues that solitude is intrinsic to the historical character of Mexico and as such it is the key to understand its history in its proper perspective. Though not a negative trait, solitude is linked to melancholy and for Mexico it originates in a psychological complex of defeat, according to the author. The reasons can be found in the political history of Mexico, its own authoritarian rulers to begin with. People live under oppression and suppression under such rulers and will not have the opportunities for the free and full growth of their individual personalities. Subdued individual personalities make a subdued and dispirited society and nation. The process began with the rule of its own authoritarian rulers followed by the authoritarian Spani sh conquerors that were cruel and ruthless and they were then replaced by the authoritarian oligarchies during the era of independence. Another factor by which the people of Mexico were overawed was the intimidator posture of United States. People were not exposed to peaceful disposition under all these conditions and their inner resentment was brewing often resulting in violent expressions. But the same cannot be categorized as inferiority complex. Paz explains this

Effects of Agricultural Soil Contamination

Effects of Agricultural Soil Contamination 1. Introduction Agricultural soils contaminated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) is a threat to human health. Plants grown in contaminated soil can accumulate these metals in the shoots and roots. Metals accumulate in Living organism, especially the liver and kidneys, when these plants are used as fodder for livestock and domestic animals. Thereby enter the human food chain (Akan et al., 2010). Lead is one of the heavy metal with high extension and toxicity. Although it is not an essential element for plants or animals, but can easily be absorbed by plants and animal (Sengar et al., 2008). Pb released into the environment by mining and smelting of Pb ore, burning of coal, effluents from storage batteries, automobile exhausts, metal plating, applications of fertilizers and pesticides, and additives in paint and petrol ((Eick et al.1999; Sharma and Dubey, 2005). Inhibition of the metals uptake and transport by plants is one of the adverse effects of lead (Fodor et al, 1998). Sharma and Dubey (2005) reported that, High concentrations of Pb the in soil causes imbalance of mineralin plants. So that it is prevented from entering cations (potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron) and anions (nitrate) into the root. Pourrut, et al (2011) stated that decreased nutrient absorption in the presence of Pb may be results of the changes in physiological plants activity or presence of competition between elements and lead (e.g., the same atomic size). More research is often carried out to investigate the behavior of a single metal in the plants. Therefore, examining the relationship between heavy metals and nutrients in plants that are grown in contaminated metals is an important factor in preventing the toxic effect of these metals (Siedlecka and Krupa, 1999). Interaction between iron and heavy metals such as Pb is important. Because, heavy metal influence on iron adsorption and accumulation in the root apoplasm, uptake by root and transfer from root to stem and leaves. Therefore, iron deficiency may affect the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals (Fodor, 2006). Iron is an essential element for plant growth and development (Curie Briat 2003). Under aerobic conditions, iron (III) oxy-hydroxide is the dominant form of Fe in the soil. This form is a very low solubility. Thus, available form of iron for plants is limited under these conditions. Accordingly, one of the limiting factors in agriculture production is iron deficiency in agriculture soil of different parts of the worlds (Hansen et al 2006). Generally, two major strategies used by plants under the iron deficient condition. The Strategy I used by dicotyledonous and non-graminaceous monocotyledonous plants. These plants increased acidification of the rhizosphere and reduction of ir on (III) to iron (II) in the rhizosphere through extrude H+ into the rhizosphere. Therefore, causing increased iron availability to plants (Kobayashi and Nishizawa, 2012). Strategy II is confined to graminaceous monocotyledonous plant species such as maize. Under iron deficiency condition, enhanced release phytosiderophores, which are non-proteinogenic amino acids with low-molecular-weight and high affinity for complex formation with Fe+3 (Meda et al 2007; Marschner, 1995). Generally, the optimum soil pH range for uptake Iron by plants is 5 and 5.5. Therefore, Fe deficiency is one of the widespread nutritional disorders in the plants grown on calcareous and alkaline soils (with pH>7) (Bojovic et al., 2012). So, Iron deficiency in these soils can be corrected by spraying the plants with solution of iron chelates or ferrous sulfate more efficient than any other applications of Fe to the soil (Fageria et al., 2009). Grusak and Pezeshgi, (1996) and Vert et al, (2003) reported, when, Iron used as a foliar spray, the signals of shoot to root played an important role in iron utilization by roots. One of the topics that can be discussed, is related to the role of iron on Pb uptake and translocation in plants (Bojovic et al., 2012). The Fe nutritional status of the plants with Strategists I and II may influence heavy metal uptake (Fodor, 2006). Among crop plant species, maize (Zea mays. L) is the most important cereal crop in world and it is widely grown through out the world (Mejia, 2005). Also, it is an important cereal crop of Iran and Is cultivated for fodder as well as for grain purpose in Iran (Nuraky et al., 2011). According to the material presented, further investigations are needed to examine the interaction between iron and lead. Thus, the present study aims to investigate; (i) Lead accumulation in roots and shoots of two cultivars of maize (260 and 704); (ii) Effect of foliar iron application on the uptake of lead by roots and its transport to the shoots and finally (iii) effects of lead accumulation and foliar iron application on Manganese, copper, zinc concentration and their transport. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Soil sampling and preparation This study was conducted in the research greenhouse of the college of agriculture and natural resources, university of Tehran. The uncontaminated soil (Normally contains 1.5 mgPbkg-1) used in this study was collected from a depth of 0–25 cm of the research farm, university of Tehran. It was air-dried at room temperature and pass through a 2 mm mesh sieve. Then, the soil was artificially contaminated by adding PbCl2. Chemical and physical characteristics summarized in Table 1. 2.2. Analytical methods 2.2.1. Soil characterization Soil texture was determined by hydro-metric method (Bouyoucos1962), total nitrogen (N) by Kjeldal method (Bremner1996), extractable phosphorous by Olsen method (Kuo1996), exchangeable potassium through normal acetate ammonium method (Hemke and Spark1996), electrical conductivity on saturated extract by Rhoades method (Rhoades1996), organic carbon content by Walkley–Black method (Nelson1982), the elements concentration were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Shimadzu-AA6400; Shimadzu Corp., Tokyo, Japan)) according to Waling et al (1989), cation exchange capacity (CEC) by Bower method (Sumner and Milker1996). Measurement of soil pH was done on saturated extract and equivalent calcium carbonate content was determined according to Carter and Gregorich (2008). 2.2.2. Plant analysis After a growing period (75 days), the harvested plants separated into shoots and roots. Thoroughly washed with deionized water. The roots and shoots were oven-dried at 70 Â ± 50 C for 48h. Dry ash method (muffle furnace at 550 ÃÅ'Ã…   C for 6 h) was used for determining metal concentration in plant samples. After extraction (Cottenie1980) mineral concentrations were measured in plant samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Shimadzu-AA6400; Shimadzu Corp., Tokyo,Japan) (Waling et al.1989). Root volume was determined by water displacement in a graduated cylinder (Messenger et al., 2000). Method of water displacement in a graduated cylinder used for determining the root volume (Messenger et al., 2000).. 2.3. Experimental treatments A Factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions. Experimental treatments Included four levels of Pb (0 as a control, 100,200, and 400 mgPb kg-1 soil), two varieties of maize (260 and 704), four levels of iron sulfate spraying (0: without spraying, 2, 4 and 6 gr (FeSO4.7H2O) in thousand ml distilled water, respectively) at the stage of eight leaves. Lead chloride (PbCl2) was used to contaminate soils in pots. it was dissolved in distilled water and sprayed on soils. Before cultivation of plants, treated soils were incubated at 25Ã ¢-Â ¦C and field capacity moisture for 150 days to allow Pb to achieve a balanced condition in contaminated soil. The control treatment (non-spray iron) sprayed with distilled water for the same conditions. (Pb0: Uncontaminated soil and Pb1, Pb2, Pb3 are 100, 200 and 400 mg Pb kg-1 soil, respectively / Fe0: Without Spraying and Fe1, Fe2, Fe3 are Foliar Spr ay with dissolve 2, 4 and 6 gr Feso4.7H2O in thousand ml distilled water, respectively). 2.4. Plant culture and greenhouse condition Seeds of maize (Zea mays L) were obtained from the Seed and Sapling Research Institute of Karaj, Iran. The experimental plants (four per pot) were grown in plastic pots (18 cm height, 15.5 cm diameter, containing 3 kg of dry soil). The pots were watered based on 80% of the soil field capacity. Artificial light was used and daily light was adjusted to 12–14 h and 10000 luxe. Greenhouse temperature was 25Â ±2Â ° C. 2.5. Translocation Factor The translocation factor (TF) is used to investigate metal transfer from root-to-shoot. It was calculated by the following equation: (Han et al, 2013) TF = (1) 2.6. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS software version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.,USA). Duncan’s test was used to determine the significant differences between means (P